The Vet’s Guide to Shih Tzu Dogs: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

Shih Tzus are charming, affectionate dogs that have been cherished for centuries. Known for their luxurious, flowing coats and lively personalities, these small dogs have a big presence that makes them a beloved companion for families and individuals alike.

Background: Originating in ancient China and Tibet, Shih Tzus were prized by Chinese royalty as palace companions. Their name means "lion dog," reflecting their resemblance to traditional guardian lions. Initially treasures of the imperial court, Shih Tzus gained worldwide popularity in the 20th century for their charm and elegance.

Appearance: Shih Tzus have a long, flowing double coat in various colours, such as black, white, and brindle. Their large, dark eyes and short muzzle give them a sweet, soulful expression. With a high-set tail and compact, sturdy build, they exude grace and strength despite their small size.

Physical Characteristics: Weighing 4–7 kilograms and standing 23–27 centimetres tall, Shih Tzus are a toy breed with a solid, well-proportioned frame. Their short muzzle and profuse ear hair add to their unique look, though their brachycephalic nature requires extra care with breathing.

Temperament: Shih Tzus are friendly, sociable, and deeply affectionate. They thrive on human interaction and make excellent companions for families, singles, and seniors. Generally easygoing, they may show stubbornness at times, so consistent training is key.

Activity Level: Shih Tzus enjoy short bursts of play and daily walks but are equally happy to relax at home. Their moderate exercise needs suit them well to indoor living. However, care must be taken to avoid overexertion, especially in hot or humid conditions.

Health: While typically healthy, Shih Tzus are prone to certain issues such as brachycephalic airway syndrome, eye problems like corneal ulcers, and dental concerns due to their small mouths. Regular vet visits, proper grooming, and a balanced diet are vital for managing these risks.

Lifespan: With proper care, Shih Tzus can live long and happy lives, often reaching an average lifespan of 10 to 16 years. Ensuring they have a nutritious diet, regular exercise, routine grooming, and regular veterinary care can help maximise their lifespan and enhance their quality of life. Shih Tzus can remain playful and active well into their senior years, continuing to bring joy and companionship to their families.

Grooming a Shih Tzu is vital to their overall care, ensuring they look their best and stay healthy and comfortable. With their long, flowing coats and delicate facial features, Shih Tzus require regular grooming to prevent matting, skin infections, and other health problems. Proper grooming involves coat care, bathing, dental hygiene, ear cleaning, and nail trimming, all of which are essential for this breed's well-being.

Grooming Requirements: Shih Tzus have a double coat that consists of a dense, soft undercoat and a longer, silky outer coat. This luxurious coat requires daily brushing to prevent tangles and mats from forming, especially around their ears, legs, and belly. For owners who prefer a lower-maintenance look, regular trims or a "puppy cut" can make coat care more manageable. Regardless of coat length, a slicker brush or comb designed for long-haired breeds can help keep their fur clean and tangle-free. Routine grooming also allows for regular skin inspection for signs of irritation or parasites.

Bathing: Regular bathing is essential for a Shih Tzu to maintain a clean, healthy coat. Due to their long hair, Shih Tzus can benefit from baths every 3 to 4 weeks. Use a gentle, hypoallergenic dog shampoo to avoid skin irritation, followed by a conditioner to keep their coat soft and manageable. After bathing, it is crucial to dry their coat thoroughly, especially in the folds of their skin and around their ears, to prevent moisture buildup that could lead to infections. Ensure the water and shampoo do not get into their eyes, as this can cause discomfort and potential eye issues.

Dental Care: Shih Tzus are prone to dental problems due to their small mouths and crowded teeth. Daily brushing with dog-specific toothpaste is recommended to prevent plaque buildup and reduce the risk of periodontal disease. Dental chews and regular professional cleanings by a veterinarian can also support oral health. Dental care is especially important for this breed because poor oral hygiene can lead to more serious health problems, such as heart and kidney disease.

Clean Ears: The Shih Tzu's long, floppy ears can trap moisture and debris, making them prone to ear infections. Weekly ear cleaning is recommended to keep their ears healthy. Use a vet-approved ear cleaner and gently clean the outer ear with a cotton ball or a soft cloth, being careful not to insert anything into the ear canal. Regular ear inspections during grooming sessions can help detect any signs of infection, such as redness, odour, or excessive wax buildup.

Nail Trimming: Keeping a Shih Tzu's nails trimmed is crucial for their comfort and mobility. Overgrown nails can lead to pain and even affect their gait, potentially causing joint issues. Trim their nails every 3 to 4 weeks or as needed using a dog nail clipper. If you are uncomfortable doing this yourself, a professional groomer or veterinarian can provide this service.

Shih Tzus are generally healthy, but like all breeds, they are prone to specific health conditions. Being aware of these common issues can help owners take preventive measures and seek timely veterinary care.

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS): Due to their flat faces and short snouts, Shih Tzus are classified as a brachycephalic breed, making them susceptible to respiratory issues. Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS) can cause breathing difficulties, especially in hot or humid weather and during vigorous exercise. Symptoms include snorting, snoring, and laboured breathing. To manage this condition, it's important to keep your Shih Tzu cool, avoid overexertion, and consult a veterinarian for advice on managing their respiratory health.

Eye Conditions: Shih Tzus' large, prominent eyes make them prone to several eye conditions, including corneal ulcers, dry eye, and cherry eye. Their eyes can easily become irritated by dust, debris, or hair. Corneal ulcers are particularly common and can result from trauma or irritation. Dry eye occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to discomfort and potential vision issues. Cherry eye, which appears as a red mass in the corner of the eye, involves the prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid. Regular eye checks and prompt veterinary care if redness, discharge, or excessive tearing occurs, can help manage these issues.

Dental Issues: Dental problems are common in Shih Tzus due to their small mouths and crowded teeth, which can lead to plaque buildup, gum disease, and tooth decay. Poor dental hygiene can result in bad breath, pain, and even tooth loss. In severe cases, dental disease can affect other organs, such as the heart and kidneys. Daily brushing, dental chews, and regular professional cleanings by a veterinarian are essential for preventing and managing dental problems in Shih Tzus.

Hip Dysplasia: Although more commonly associated with larger breeds, Shih Tzus can also suffer from hip dysplasia—a condition where the hip joint doesn't develop properly, leading to arthritis and mobility issues. Symptoms include difficulty in rising, limping, or reluctance to move. While hip dysplasia is genetic, maintaining a healthy weight and providing joint supplements can help manage the condition. In severe cases, surgery may be required to improve the dog's quality of life.

Skin Allergies: Shih Tzus are prone to skin allergies, which can be triggered by food, environmental factors, or parasites like fleas. Allergies may cause itching, redness, and hot spots, leading to excessive scratching and potential skin infections. Regular grooming, a balanced diet, and flea prevention are key to managing skin health. If allergies are suspected, consult a veterinarian to identify the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Training a Shih Tzu can be rewarding but requires patience, consistency, and a positive approach. Shih Tzus, like Bulldogs, have an independent and sometimes stubborn nature. However, their friendly personalities make them trainable with the right methods. Using positive reinforcement, like treats and praise, is key to encouraging good behaviour and making learning enjoyable for them.

Intelligence: Shih Tzus are intelligent and quick to form bonds with their owners. While they may not be as naturally obedient as some other breeds, they can learn a wide range of commands. Training sessions should be kept short and engaging, starting with basics like "sit," "stay," and "come." Gradually introduce more complex commands as they become more comfortable with training.

Using Treats and Incentives: Treats and incentives are highly effective when training a Shih Tzu. These dogs respond well to positive reinforcement, so offering small, tasty treats and praise helps motivate them. Keep treats handy and reward them immediately after they perform a desired behaviour to reinforce the connection. Use small, bite-sized treats to avoid distractions, and always use a cheerful tone and verbal praise to encourage them.

Socialisation: Early socialisation is crucial for a well-rounded Shih Tzu. Introduce them to a variety of people, pets, and environments in a controlled manner to help them feel comfortable in different situations. Puppy classes are an excellent way to provide structured socialisation and basic obedience training. Positive experiences during this stage can prevent fearfulness or aggression later on.

Common Training Issues: Shih Tzus can be stubborn and may have challenges with housebreaking. Start training early and make sessions a consistent part of your routine. Housebreaking can be tough, so consider crate training and establish a regular schedule for bathroom breaks. Reward them with praise and treats when they go potty in the right spot to reinforce good behaviour. With persistence and positive reinforcement, your Shih Tzu can become a well-behaved companion.

Keeping your Shih Tzu active is essential for their physical and mental well-being. While they don't need intense exercise like some larger breeds, they do benefit from regular, moderate activities that keep them engaged and happy.

Playing Fetch: Shih Tzus may not be the fastest runners, but they can enjoy a gentle game of fetch. Use small, soft toys that are easy for their mouths to pick up. Start with short distances in a safe, enclosed area. Fetch provides physical exercise and also encourages mental stimulation, especially if you vary the game by hiding the toy for them to find.

Interactive Toys: Interactive toys are excellent for keeping a Shih Tzu entertained. Puzzle toys filled with treats can provide mental stimulation and keep them occupied for longer periods. These toys tap into their natural curiosity and problem-solving abilities, helping to prevent boredom and the development of unwanted behaviours.

Short Walks: Daily short walks are ideal for Shih Tzus. A 15-20 minute walk around the neighbourhood gives them a chance to explore and get some fresh air. Due to their brachycephalic nature, avoid strenuous exercise and walks during hot weather to prevent overheating. Always monitor them for signs of fatigue or difficulty breathing.

Indoor Play: Shih Tzus are well-suited to indoor play. Set aside time each day for play sessions that involve tug-of-war with a soft rope toy or gentle games with plush toys. This type of activity strengthens your bond and provides much-needed physical and mental exercise without overexerting them.

Shih Tzus are generally friendly and loving dogs, but they can develop certain behavioural issues if not properly trained and socialised. Understanding and addressing these issues early can help ensure a harmonious relationship with your pet.

Stubbornness: Shih Tzus are known for their stubborn streak. They can be headstrong, especially when they don't see an immediate benefit to obeying commands. Establishing yourself as a consistent and patient leader is key. Use positive reinforcement, such as treats and praise, to encourage cooperation. Avoid harsh training methods, as these can make them more resistant and less willing to listen.

Separation Anxiety: Shih Tzus form strong bonds with their owners and may experience separation anxiety when left alone for long periods. Signs include excessive barking, whining, or destructive behaviour. To alleviate this, gradually train them to be comfortable alone by providing a safe, comforting space with toys. Interactive toys or treat-dispensing puzzles can keep them occupied and make their alone time less stressful.

Resource Guarding: Some Shih Tzus may exhibit resource-guarding behaviours, such as growling or snapping when someone approaches their food, toys, or bed. This behaviour can be managed by teaching them that having people near their valued items is a positive experience. Start by offering treats when they are calm around their possessions, gradually working on desensitising them to others being nearby. If resource guarding becomes severe, consult a professional dog trainer for guidance.

Proper nutrition is crucial for keeping your Shih Tzu healthy, energetic, and at an ideal weight. Their small size and specific breed characteristics mean they have unique dietary needs. A balanced diet that provides all the necessary nutrients will support their overall well-being and longevity.

General Nutrition Needs: Shih Tzus require a diet that is high in quality protein to support their muscle development and energy levels. Look for dog food that lists a high-quality protein source, such as chicken, beef, or fish, as the first ingredient. Healthy fats, like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are also important for maintaining skin and coat health. Due to their small size, it's crucial to avoid overfeeding to prevent obesity. Portion control and feeding a diet formulated for small breeds can help meet their nutritional needs without adding unnecessary calories.

Carbohydrates, like sweet potatoes and brown rice, provide a good source of energy, while fibre aids digestion. Additionally, the diet should include essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A for eye health and calcium for strong bones. Shih Tzus are prone to dental issues, so consider feeding them dry kibble specifically designed for small breeds, as the crunch can help reduce plaque buildup on their teeth.

Puppy Nutrition: Shih Tzu puppies have different nutritional needs than adults. During their growth phase, they require a diet rich in protein and fat to support their rapid development. High-quality puppy food specifically formulated for small breeds is recommended, as it contains the appropriate balance of nutrients to promote healthy growth. Ensure that their food has DHA (an omega-3 fatty acid) to support brain and eye development.

Puppies should be fed small, frequent meals throughout the day—usually three to four times—to maintain their energy levels and prevent hypoglycemia, a condition small breeds are prone to. As they grow, you can gradually reduce the number of meals to two per day. Always provide fresh water to keep them hydrated, especially since active puppies can get dehydrated quickly.

Specific Nutritional Needs: As Shih Tzus grow into adulthood, their dietary needs change. Adult Shih Tzus should be fed a well-balanced diet twice a day to maintain their energy levels and overall health. Since they are prone to obesity, it's important to monitor their weight and adjust their portion sizes accordingly. If your Shih Tzu has specific health concerns, such as allergies or digestive sensitivities, you may need to provide a specialised diet. For example, dogs with skin allergies might benefit from a diet that includes novel protein sources, such as duck or lamb, and limited ingredients.

Joint health is another consideration for Shih Tzus, especially as they age. Adding supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin to their diet can help support joint function. Similarly, omega-3 fatty acids can be added to maintain a healthy coat and reduce inflammation. Always consult with your veterinarian to ensure your Shih Tzu’s diet meets their specific needs and to discuss any necessary dietary supplements.

Whether you're already a proud Shih Tzu owner or thinking about adding one to your family, we hope this guide has provided valuable insights into their care and unique needs. While this information offers a solid foundation for understanding life with a Shih Tzu, it's important to keep learning from reputable sources. Engage with other Shih Tzu owners, share your experiences, and continually expand your knowledge about their behaviour, health, and how to ensure they live their happiest, healthiest lives.

This article was written by Dr. Jack Ayerbe