The Vet’s Guide to Great Danes: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

Great Danes are a noble and majestic breed known for their towering stature and gentle, affectionate nature. Despite their large size, these dogs are often referred to as "gentle giants" due to their calm and friendly demeanour, making them wonderful companions for families and individuals alike.

Background: Great Danes originated in Germany, where they were initially bred as hunting dogs and guard dogs. Their primary purpose was to hunt wild boar, and their size, strength, and bravery made them perfectly suited for this task. Over time, they transitioned from hunting dogs to companions and protectors of nobility. In the 19th century, Great Danes became more refined in appearance and temperament through selective breeding, leading to the elegant yet powerful breed we know today. The American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognised them in 1887 and have since become a beloved breed worldwide.

Appearance: Great Danes are one of the tallest dog breeds, with males standing between 76-86 centimetres tall at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller, ranging from 71-81 centimetres. Their weight typically varies between 45-90 kilograms, with males being heavier. Despite their size, Great Danes have a sleek and muscular build, regal posture and an air of elegance. Their coat is short, smooth, and comes in various colours, including fawn, brindle, blue, black, harlequin, and mantle.

Physical Characteristics: Great Danes are known for their distinct combination of strength and grace. They have a muscular yet lean body with long, powerful legs that give them a smooth, easy stride. Their tail is medium-length and tapers to a point, carried straight or slightly curved when at rest. Great Danes have a well-defined, chiselled head with a strong jaw and a slightly arched neck. Despite their imposing size, they move with a certain elegance and fluidity that sets them apart from other giant breeds.

Temperament: Despite their size, Great Danes are known for their gentle and friendly nature. They are affectionate, loyal, and tend to form strong bonds with their families. Great Danes are generally good with children and can get along well with other pets, especially if they are socialised from a young age. They are typically patient and tolerant, making them excellent family dogs. While they have a protective instinct, they are not aggressive by nature. Great Danes are usually wary of strangers at first but can quickly warm up once they sense no threat.

Activity Level: Great Danes have a moderate activity level. They enjoy daily walks and playtime but do not have the same high-energy demands as smaller, more active breeds. While they love to run and play, especially when young, their growth rate and size mean that their exercise should be managed carefully, particularly during their first two years. Over-exercising a Great Dane puppy can lead to joint problems, so it's important to keep their physical activity moderate and controlled during their developmental stage. As adults, they thrive on a combination of daily walks, mental stimulation, and relaxed time with their family.

Health: Like all giant breeds, Great Danes are prone to specific health issues. One of the most common and serious conditions affecting this breed is gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), commonly known as bloat. This condition is life-threatening and requires immediate veterinary attention. Great Danes are also susceptible to hip dysplasia, a genetic condition that affects the hip joints and can lead to arthritis and pain. Other health concerns include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a heart condition, and Wobbler Syndrome, a neurological disorder affecting the spinal cord. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and proper exercise can help manage these health risks and ensure a healthier life for your Great Dane.

Lifespan: Unfortunately, Great Danes have a shorter lifespan than many other breeds, typically living between 7 to 10 years. Their giant size contributes to a faster aging process and an increased risk of certain health issues. However, with diligent care, regular vet visits, and a healthy lifestyle, they can enjoy a full, happy life, providing their owners with years of love and companionship.

Grooming a Great Dane involves more than just maintaining their coat; it also includes regular care of their nails, ears, teeth, and skin. Although their short coat is relatively low maintenance, their large size can make grooming tasks like bathing and nail trimming a bit more challenging. Routine grooming is essential to keep your Great Dane healthy and comfortable.

Grooming Requirements: Great Danes have a short, smooth coat that sheds moderately year-round. Their coat care is relatively simple compared to long-haired breeds, but regular brushing is still necessary. Using a soft-bristle brush or grooming mitt once or twice a week will help remove loose hairs and distribute natural oils across their skin, keeping their coat shiny and healthy. This routine also provides an excellent opportunity to check for any skin issues, lumps, or signs of parasites like ticks and fleas. While Great Danes do not have an undercoat, they can still be sensitive to extreme weather, so their grooming routine should include checking for any signs of dryness or irritation on their skin.

Bathing: Bathing a Great Dane can be a bit of an endeavour due to their size, but they generally only need a bath every 6-8 weeks unless they get particularly dirty. Use a gentle, dog-friendly shampoo to avoid irritating their skin. Given their size, you may need to use a bathtub or a garden hose with a shower attachment to bathe them effectively. It’s essential to rinse thoroughly to remove all shampoo residues, as any leftover product can cause skin irritation. Start introducing bath time to your Great Dane when they are young to help them become accustomed to the process, making it a less stressful experience for both of you.

Dental Care: Dental hygiene is crucial for Great Danes, as they are prone to dental issues like tartar buildup and gum disease. Brushing their teeth 2-3 times a week with dog-safe toothpaste is the most effective way to prevent dental problems. Regular brushing helps remove food particles and plaque, reducing the risk of tooth decay and periodontal disease. In addition to brushing, dental chews and toys can help maintain oral hygiene. It's also advisable to have your Great Dane's teeth checked during routine vet visits, as dental health is directly related to their overall well-being.

Clean Ears: Regular ear care is vital for Great Danes, as their large, floppy ears can trap moisture and debris, leading to ear infections. Check your Great Dane's ears weekly for signs of redness, odour, or discharge, which can indicate an infection. Clean their ears using a vet-recommended ear-cleaning solution and a soft cotton ball or gauze. Avoid using cotton swabs, as they can push debris further into the ear canal and potentially cause injury. Gently wipe the outer part of the ear and avoid going too deep into the ear canal. If you notice any signs of discomfort or persistent ear issues, consult your veterinarian for advice.

Nail Trimming: Given their large size, Great Danes' nails can grow quickly and, if left untrimmed, can cause discomfort and affect their gait. Trim your Great Dane's nails every 4-6 weeks, or as needed, to prevent overgrowth and splitting. Use a sturdy pair of dog nail clippers or a nail grinder designed for large breeds. Introduce nail trimming early on, and handle their paws regularly to help them get used to the process. If you're unsure about trimming their nails yourself, seek help from a professional groomer or veterinarian to avoid injury. Keeping your Great Dane's nails at an appropriate length is crucial for their comfort and mobility.

Great Danes, like many giant breeds, are prone to certain health issues. Understanding these common conditions can help you take preventive measures and seek early treatment to ensure a healthier life for your dog.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) - Bloat: Bloat, or Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV), is a life-threatening condition common in large, deep-chested breeds like Great Danes. It occurs when the stomach fills with gas and twists, cutting off blood flow and leading to shock. Symptoms include a distended abdomen, excessive drooling, restlessness, and unproductive retching. GDV requires immediate veterinary intervention, often involving emergency surgery. To reduce the risk of bloat, feed your Great Dane smaller, more frequent meals, avoid vigorous exercise immediately before or after eating, and consider using a slow feeder bowl to prevent gulping of air.

Hip Dysplasia: Hip dysplasia is a genetic condition where the hip joint doesn’t fit properly into the hip socket, leading to joint instability, pain, and eventually arthritis. Great Danes are particularly susceptible to this condition due to their rapid growth and large size. Symptoms can include limping, reluctance to move, and difficulty rising or lying down. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding overexertion during their growth period can help reduce the severity of hip dysplasia. Treatment options range from weight management and physical therapy to anti-inflammatory medications and, in severe cases, surgical intervention.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart condition commonly seen in large breeds, including Great Danes. It involves the enlargement and weakening of the heart muscles, which affects the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. Signs of DCM can include lethargy, coughing, shortness of breath, and a decrease in exercise tolerance. Early diagnosis through routine veterinary check-ups, including heart screenings, is crucial. While there is no cure for DCM, medications and lifestyle adjustments can help manage the condition and improve your dog's quality of life.

Wobbler Syndrome: Wobbler Syndrome is a neurological condition caused by spinal cord compression, leading to a "wobbly" gait and difficulty walking. This condition results from malformations or instability in the vertebrae of the neck, and it is relatively common in giant breeds like Great Danes. Symptoms may include a lack of coordination, weakness, and difficulty moving the neck. Depending on the severity, treatment options can range from medications and physical therapy to surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. Early diagnosis and management are essential to improve your Great Dane's mobility and comfort.

Osteosarcoma: Osteosarcoma, or bone cancer, is more common in large and giant breed dogs, including Great Danes. This aggressive cancer typically affects the long bones in the legs and can lead to lameness, swelling, and pain. Early detection and diagnosis through imaging and biopsy are critical for determining the appropriate treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and pain management. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring your Great Dane for any signs of lameness or discomfort can aid in early detection.

Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to a slow metabolism. Great Danes can be prone to this condition, which often presents as lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, and skin issues. Blood tests can diagnose hypothyroidism, and treatment typically involves daily hormone replacement medication. With proper management, dogs with hypothyroidism can live healthy, active lives.

Eye Conditions: Great Danes are susceptible to certain eye conditions such as cataracts, cherry eye, and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). These conditions can affect their vision and, if left untreated, may lead to blindness. Regular eye exams by a veterinarian can help identify and manage these issues early. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the problem and preserve your Great Dane's vision.

Training a Great Dane requires patience, consistency, and a gentle yet firm approach. Due to their large size and strength, early training and socialisation are crucial to ensure they develop into well-behaved and manageable companions. Great Danes are intelligent and eager to please, which makes them relatively receptive to training. However, their size means that any undesirable behaviours, such as jumping or pulling on the leash, can quickly become problematic if not addressed early on.

Early Training and Socialisation: Start training your Great Dane as early as possible, ideally when they are a puppy. Early socialisation is key to ensuring they grow up to be confident and well-adjusted dogs. Introduce your Great Dane puppy to various environments, people, and other animals to help them develop positive social behaviours. Puppy classes are an excellent way to begin this process in a controlled setting where they can learn to interact with other dogs and people safely. Basic obedience commands such as "sit," "stay," "come," and "heel" should be introduced early to establish a foundation of good behaviour. Consistent training will help them understand their place in the family and prevent them from developing dominant or overly protective behaviours.

Positive Reinforcement and Consistency: Great Danes respond best to positive reinforcement techniques, which involve rewarding desired behaviours with treats, praise, and affection. Use high-value treats, such as small pieces of chicken or cheese, to motivate your Great Dane during training sessions. Be consistent with your commands and rewards, and keep training sessions short—around 10-15 minutes—to maintain their interest and focus. Avoid harsh training methods or punishment, as these can lead to fear and anxiety in your Great Dane. Instead, focus on rewarding good behaviour and redirecting undesirable behaviour with a positive alternative. For example, if your Great Dane jumps up on people, train them to sit politely when greeting others and reward them for doing so.

Leash Training and Control: Given their size, leash training is essential for Great Danes. A fully grown Great Dane can easily overpower you if they pull on the leash, so teaching them to walk calmly by your side is crucial. Begin leash training early using a sturdy leash and a properly fitted collar or harness. Teach them to "heel" using treats and verbal praise to encourage them to stay by your side without pulling. Consistent practice is key to mastering this skill, and it's important to remain patient and persistent. If your Great Dane becomes overly excited or pulls on the leash, stop walking and wait until they calm down before resuming. This teaches them that pulling will not get them where they want to go.

Using Treats and Incentives: Treats are an effective training tool for Great Danes, especially during the early stages of training when they are learning new commands and behaviours. Use small, soft treats that are easy for them to consume quickly, allowing you to maintain the flow of the training session. Pair treats with verbal praise and physical affection to reinforce positive behaviour. As your Great Dane becomes more consistent with their commands, gradually reduce the reliance on treats and use other incentives like toys, playtime, or simply your praise. This helps prevent them from becoming dependent on treats for obedience. Remember to use treats in moderation to avoid overfeeding, especially considering Great Danes' tendency toward bloat.

Establishing Leadership: Great Danes are generally eager to please, but they can be strong-willed at times. It's important to establish yourself as the leader early in the training process. This does not mean using force or dominance but rather providing clear, consistent boundaries and expectations. Ensure that all family members follow the same rules and commands to avoid confusing your Great Dane. Consistency helps reinforce your role as the leader and makes it easier for your Great Dane to understand what is expected of them. A well-trained Great Dane will be more confident, relaxed, and enjoyable to be around, making them a loving and obedient companion.

Addressing Behavioural Issues: Due to their size, any behavioural issues, such as jumping on people, chewing, or barking, should be addressed early on. Redirect unwanted behaviours with positive alternatives. For example, if your Great Dane starts chewing on furniture, provide them with appropriate chew toys and praise them when they use them. If they bark excessively, identify the cause and address it with appropriate training techniques. Patience and positive reinforcement are key when correcting unwanted behaviours. With proper training and socialisation, your Great Dane will learn to be a well-mannered and trustworthy member of your family.

Keeping your Great Dane active is essential for their physical and mental well-being. While they aren't as energetic as some smaller breeds, they still require regular exercise and stimulation to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Engaging in various activities can help prevent boredom, promote bonding, and keep your Great Dane fit and happy.

Daily Walks and Playtime: Daily walks are crucial for Great Danes. A moderate-paced walk of 30-60 minutes is usually sufficient to meet their exercise needs. Avoid strenuous exercise or running with young Great Danes until they are fully grown (around 18-24 months) to protect their developing joints. In addition to walks, playtime is an excellent way to keep them entertained. Great Danes enjoy games like fetch, but be mindful of their size and avoid excessive jumping or rough play that could strain their joints.

Interactive Toys and Puzzle Games: Great Danes are intelligent dogs that benefit from mental stimulation. Providing interactive toys and puzzle games can keep their minds engaged and help prevent boredom-related behaviours. Food-dispensing toys, like KONGs or puzzle feeders, are particularly effective as they challenge your dog to work for their treats, providing both mental and physical stimulation. Rotate their toys regularly to keep things interesting and prevent them from becoming bored with the same activities.

Socialisation and Dog Parks: Great Danes are generally friendly and enjoy socialising with other dogs. Regular trips to a dog park can provide them with the opportunity to play and interact with other dogs. However, it's essential to ensure your Great Dane is well-socialised and trained before allowing off-leash play, as their size can be intimidating to other dogs. Monitor play sessions closely to ensure they are playing appropriately and not overwhelming smaller or more timid dogs.

Training and Agility Exercises: While they might not be as agile as some smaller breeds, Great Danes can enjoy light agility exercises that involve walking over low obstacles, navigating tunnels, or weaving through poles. These activities not only provide physical exercise but also strengthen their bond with you through training and teamwork. Keep agility exercises low-impact to avoid stress on their joints, and use positive reinforcement to encourage their participation.

Like all dog breeds, Great Danes may exhibit certain behavioural issues that can be managed with proper training and attention. Due to their large size, it's important to address any behavioural problems early on to ensure they don't become unmanageable.

Separation Anxiety: Great Danes are known for their deep attachment to their families and can suffer from separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods. Symptoms may include excessive barking, destructive behaviour, and attempts to escape. To help mitigate separation anxiety, gradually acclimate your Great Dane to being alone by starting with short periods and gradually increasing the time. Providing them with interactive toys and a comfortable, safe space can help ease their anxiety when you're not home. Additionally, maintaining a consistent routine can give them a sense of security.

Jumping on People: Due to their size, Great Danes jumping on people can be more than just a nuisance—it can be dangerous. This behaviour usually stems from excitement or a desire for attention. Training your Great Dane early to greet people politely is crucial. Teach them to "sit" or "stay" when guests arrive, and reward them with treats and praise for calm behaviour. Consistency is key, so ensure all family members and visitors follow the same approach to reinforce this training.

Destructive Chewing: Great Danes, especially puppies, may resort to chewing when they are bored, anxious, or teething. Given their powerful jaws, they can cause significant damage if they target furniture, shoes, or other household items. Provide your Great Dane with plenty of appropriate chew toys to redirect their chewing behaviour. If you catch them chewing on something they shouldn't, calmly redirect them to an appropriate toy and praise them for using it. Ensuring they have enough physical and mental stimulation can also reduce the likelihood of destructive behaviour.

Proper nutrition is essential for the overall health and longevity of your Great Dane. Due to their large size and rapid growth, Great Danes have specific nutritional needs that differ from those of smaller breeds. A well-balanced diet supports their growth, maintains their health, and helps prevent certain breed-specific health issues.

Nutritional Needs for Adults: Adult Great Danes require a diet that is rich in high-quality protein to support their lean muscle mass, as well as healthy fats for energy. Choose a large-breed dog food that contains a balanced blend of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals. Great Danes are prone to bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus), so it's crucial to manage their feeding routine carefully. Feed them 2-3 smaller meals throughout the day rather than one large meal, and avoid vigorous exercise immediately before or after eating to reduce the risk of bloat. Always provide fresh water and use a raised feeder to encourage proper posture while eating, which can also aid in digestion.

Nutritional Needs for Puppies: Great Dane puppies have unique nutritional requirements due to their rapid growth. It's vital to feed them a diet specifically formulated for large-breed puppies to ensure they receive the right balance of nutrients to support healthy bone and joint development. Large-breed puppy food has controlled levels of calcium and phosphorus to help prevent growth-related issues such as hip dysplasia. Overfeeding or providing supplements like calcium can lead to excessive growth and skeletal problems, so it's essential to follow your veterinarian's feeding recommendations. Feed your Great Dane puppy 3-4 small meals daily to help regulate their growth and maintain a steady weight.

Supplements and Specific Dietary Considerations: In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend supplements to support your Great Dane's health, such as glucosamine and chondroitin for joint health, particularly as they age. However, it's important to consult with your vet before adding any supplements to their diet to ensure they are necessary and properly balanced. Additionally, Great Danes are prone to certain food sensitivities, so monitor them for any signs of allergies, such as itching, digestive upset, or skin issues. If food sensitivities are suspected, work with your vet to identify and eliminate potential allergens from their diet.

Hydration and Obesity Prevention: Great Danes are an active breed, and adequate hydration is crucial to their health. Always provide access to clean, fresh water, especially during and after physical activities. Due to their large size, Great Danes are also prone to obesity, which can exacerbate joint problems and lead to other health issues. Monitor their weight closely and adjust their food intake according to their activity level and age. Use a slow feeder bowl if your Great Dane tends to eat too quickly, as this can help prevent bloat and promote healthy digestion.

Proper nutrition is a cornerstone of your Great Dane's overall health and well-being. By providing a balanced diet tailored to their specific needs, you can help ensure they live a long, healthy, and active life.

Owning a Great Dane is a rewarding experience, but their giant size comes with unique needs, including proper training, health management, and a balanced diet to support their growth. These gentle giants thrive in a loving home where they receive consistent care, moderate exercise, and plenty of companionship. With the right attention to their well-being, a Great Dane will be a loyal, affectionate, and majestic addition to your family.

This article was written by Dr Lisa Deering