The Vet’s Guide to Bernese Mountain Dogs: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

Background

Originally bred in Switzerland's Bern region, Bernese Mountain Dogs were traditionally used for a variety of farm tasks, including pulling carts, driving livestock, and guarding property. As one of four types of Swiss mountain dogs, they’re the only variety with a long, thick coat. Their heritage as drafting dogs has shaped their powerful bodies and dependable temperaments.

Appearance

Bernese Mountain Dogs are a large breed with a strong, muscular build and a broad chest. Their tricolour coats — black with symmetrical white and rust markings — are a key feature of the breed. They have expressive brown eyes, a gentle expression, and thick tails that are usually carried low. When fully grown, they typically stand 58 to 70 cm tall and weigh between 30 to 50 kilograms.

Physical Characteristics

Bernese have a double coat designed to protect them from cold weather. The outer layer is long and slightly wavy or straight, while the undercoat is soft and dense. While beautiful, their coat requires ongoing care and contributes to heavy shedding. Their overall structure is balanced and strong, giving them both agility and endurance.

Temperament

This breed is calm, friendly, and extremely loyal. Bernese Mountain Dogs are affectionate with their families and often bond especially closely with one person. They are gentle with children and generally good with other animals. Although they are friendly, Bernese can be a bit reserved around strangers, which is why early socialisation is important.

Activity Level

Bernese are moderately active dogs. They enjoy daily walks, time outside, and mental stimulation, but they aren’t as high-energy as working or herding breeds. Because of their thick coat, they don’t tolerate heat well, so exercise should be done during cooler times of the day, especially in warmer climates. Despite their size, many Bernese enjoy lounging indoors with their families after a bit of exercise.

Health

Bernese Mountain Dogs are prone to a number of health concerns, including joint problems like hip and elbow dysplasia, eye conditions such as progressive retinal atrophy, and blood disorders. Most significantly, this breed has one of the highest incidences of cancer in the canine world. Histiocytic sarcoma, a fast-growing and aggressive cancer, is tragically common among Bernese. Regular checkups, genetic screening, and prompt veterinary care are essential for maintaining your dog’s health.

Lifespan

Bernese Mountain Dogs have a shorter average lifespan than most breeds, typically living between 6 and 8 years. Some dogs may live longer, especially when bred responsibly and cared for attentively. While their time with you may be shorter, Bernese owners often describe the bond they form as one of the most rewarding experiences of their lives.

Grooming your Bernese Mountain Dog is essential to keeping their luxurious coat healthy and their skin in good condition. With their thick, double-layered fur, Bernese require more grooming than many breeds, but the process can also be a bonding experience between you and your dog.

Grooming Requirements

Bernese Mountain Dogs have a dense undercoat and a longer outer coat that sheds throughout the year, with heavier seasonal shedding in spring and autumn. Regular brushing, ideally two to three times a week, helps to prevent matting and removes loose hair before it ends up on your furniture. During heavy shedding periods, daily brushing may be needed to stay on top of their coat.

Bathing

Despite their long coat, Bernese don’t require frequent baths. Bathing every two to three months is generally enough unless they get particularly dirty or start to smell. Use a gentle, dog-safe shampoo to preserve their coat’s natural oils and avoid stripping the skin. Make sure to rinse thoroughly and dry them well, especially in colder months, to prevent dampness under their thick fur.

Skin Requirements

The dense coat of a Bernese Mountain Dog can trap moisture, making them more prone to hot spots and fungal infections if not properly maintained. Regular grooming sessions offer a chance to check the skin for any signs of irritation, flakiness, or redness. Pay particular attention to the areas behind the ears, under the legs, and around the tail — common places where mats and moisture can collect.

Dental Care

Bernese Mountain Dogs benefit from routine dental care just like any other breed. Dental disease is one of the most common issues in dogs and can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. We recommend brushing your Bernese’s teeth at least 3-4 times a week using a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. Dental chews and regular vet dental checkups are also a great way to maintain oral hygiene.

Clean Ears

Their floppy ears make Bernese prone to ear infections if not kept clean and dry. Check their ears weekly for any signs of redness, wax buildup, or an unusual smell. Cleaning should be done with a vet-approved ear cleaner and cotton pads — never insert anything deep into the ear canal. After baths or swimming, be sure to dry their ears thoroughly to prevent trapped moisture.

Nail Trimming

Keeping your Bernese Mountain Dog’s nails trimmed is important for their overall comfort and posture. Long nails can alter their gait and increase the risk of injury. Depending on their activity level and the surfaces they walk on, most Bernese will need a nail trim every three to four weeks. Introduce nail trimming early in their life so they become comfortable with the process.

While Bernese Mountain Dogs are affectionate and loyal companions, they are unfortunately predisposed to several health conditions. Awareness and early detection are key to managing these issues and giving your Bernese the best possible quality of life.

Cancer

Cancer is the most significant health concern in Bernese Mountain Dogs. They have one of the highest rates of cancer among dog breeds, with histiocytic sarcoma being particularly aggressive and breed-specific. Other types such as lymphoma and mast cell tumours, are also seen. These cancers can develop at a relatively young age and progress rapidly, so regular vet checkups and monitoring for signs such as lethargy, weight loss, or unusual lumps are essential.

Hip and Elbow Dysplasia

Due to their large size and rapid growth during puppyhood, Bernese are prone to joint issues such as dog arthritis, hip and elbow dysplasia. These developmental conditions can cause pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving. Responsible breeding, early screening, and maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the impact of these conditions.

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

OCD is a joint disorder affecting the cartilage and underlying bone, commonly seen in the shoulders of large breed dogs like the Bernese. It can cause lameness, pain, and a reluctance to exercise. Early diagnosis is important, and treatment may involve rest, medication, or surgery depending on the severity.

Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus)

Bloat is a life-threatening emergency that affects deep-chested breeds such as the Bernese Mountain Dog. It occurs when the stomach fills with gas and can twist, cutting off blood supply. Signs include a distended abdomen, unproductive retching, and restlessness. Immediate veterinary attention is critical. Feeding smaller meals throughout the day and avoiding exercise right after eating can help lower the risk.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)

PRA is an inherited eye disease that gradually leads to blindness. While there is no cure, the condition can be identified early through genetic testing. Affected dogs typically adjust well to vision loss, especially when it occurs gradually.

Degenerative Myelopathy

This is a progressive disease of the spinal cord that leads to hind limb weakness and paralysis. It typically occurs in older dogs and has no known cure, but physical therapy can help slow its progression and improve quality of life for affected dogs.

Training a Bernese Mountain Dog is a rewarding process when done with consistency, patience, and positive reinforcement. Bernese are intelligent and eager to please, but they can also be sensitive and a little stubborn, especially during puppyhood.

Best Training Methods

Start training your Bernese early, ideally from eight weeks of age, to establish good habits from the beginning. Use short, positive training sessions that focus on one behaviour at a time. Bernese respond best to softer guidance and a calm, encouraging tone — harsh corrections or forceful methods can lead to fear or withdrawal.

Use of Treats and Incentives

Food rewards are highly effective when training a Bernese. Choose small, soft, high-value treats that are easy to consume quickly. Pair these treats with verbal praise and affection to create a strong connection between the behaviour and the reward. Over time, you can phase out treats and rely more on praise and routine.

Training Tips

Because Bernese are slower to mature than other breeds, it may take longer for them to fully grasp commands and follow through with consistency. Repetition and routine are key. Keep sessions short (around 5–10 minutes) and engaging, and always end on a positive note. Incorporating training into daily life — like asking for a sit before meals or a down before play — helps reinforce behaviours in context.

Socialisation

Early socialisation is critical for Bernese Mountain Dogs. Expose them to various environments, people, and other animals to build confidence and reduce fear-based behaviours. Puppy classes are an excellent way to combine basic obedience training with structured socialisation.

Bernese Mountain Dogs may have a calm temperament, but they still require regular physical and mental exercise to stay happy and healthy. Engaging in a variety of activities will help prevent boredom and support their overall well-being.

Daily Walks

A Bernese should have at least 30 to 60 minutes of walking daily. These walks can be split into two sessions to make them more manageable and avoid overheating. Because of their heavy coat, Bernese should be walked during cooler parts of the day in warmer climates.

Playing Fetch

Fetch is a fun and low-impact way for Bernese to get moving. Use soft balls or tug toys in a secure, fenced area, and keep sessions moderate in duration. Because they are not the most high-energy breed, many Bernese will enjoy short bursts of play followed by relaxation.

Puzzle Toys and Brain Games

Mental stimulation is just as important as physical activity. Puzzle feeders, treat-dispensing toys, and scent-based games are excellent for keeping your Bernese engaged, especially on days when outdoor play isn’t possible.

Carting and Draft Work

Due to their history as drafting dogs, many Bernese enjoy structured pulling activities such as carting or recreational sled work. These tasks allow them to use their strength in a purposeful way and can be a great bonding activity with their owner.

Swimming

If your Bernese enjoys water, swimming is a fantastic low-impact exercise that’s easy on the joints. Always supervise them around water, especially in unfamiliar locations.

Hikes and Outdoor Adventures

Bernese Mountain Dogs thrive in natural settings. Slower hikes on cooler days are a great way to combine physical activity with exploration. Just be mindful of joint health and terrain difficulty, especially as your dog ages.

While Bernese Mountain Dogs are known for their calm and affectionate nature, they can still develop behavioural issues if their physical, social, or emotional needs aren’t properly met. Understanding these behaviours and addressing them early on is key to raising a well-rounded and happy Bernese.

Separation Anxiety

Bernese form strong bonds with their families and can become stressed when left alone for long periods. Separation anxiety in these dogs may manifest as destructive chewing, excessive barking, or attempts to escape. Gradually getting your Bernese used to being alone from a young age can help. Start with short periods and reward calm behaviour when you return.

Excessive Barking

These dogs may bark to alert you to new sounds, people, or changes in their environment. While this trait can be useful, excessive barking can become an issue. Training your dog to respond to a “quiet” command and rewarding them when they settle down is an effective solution.

Jumping

Like many large breeds, Bernese can become overexcited during greetings, often jumping up to say hello. Teaching your dog to sit calmly for attention and rewarding them for keeping all four paws on the ground is key, especially given their size and strength.

Shyness Around Strangers

Without proper socialisation, some Bernese may become overly cautious or timid. To avoid this, socialise your Bernese early with a variety of people, places, and animals to build confidence and ease in unfamiliar environments.

Feeding your Bernese Mountain Dog a balanced and appropriate diet is essential for supporting their growth, energy levels, and long-term health. Due to their large size and predisposition to joint issues, their nutritional needs are slightly different from smaller breeds.

General Nutrition Needs

Bernese Mountain Dogs benefit from a high-quality large breed formula that supports joint health and maintains a healthy weight. Look for diets containing glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega fatty acids. Feeding two portioned meals a day helps maintain stable energy and avoids bloating risks.

Puppy Nutrition

Bernese puppies need a large breed puppy food designed for steady growth and skeletal development. Feed them 3 to 4 smaller meals per day until they reach six months of age, then gradually reduce to two meals a day. Avoid overfeeding during growth stages to reduce the risk of bone and joint problems later in life.

Feeding Amount

The amount your Bernese needs will depend on their age, activity level, and individual metabolism. Always follow the feeding guidelines on your dog food packaging and consult your veterinarian for tailored advice. Monitor body condition regularly to avoid unnecessary weight gain.

Hydration

As with all dogs, fresh, clean water should be available at all times. Bernese are especially prone to overheating in warm weather, so it’s important they stay hydrated before and after exercise.

Bringing a Bernese Mountain Dog into your home is a big decision. These dogs require space, regular grooming, and a family committed to their health and happiness. Whether you choose to adopt or buy from a breeder, starting with a responsible source is key to ensuring a healthy, well-adjusted companion.

Adoption or Rescue

Adopting a Bernese Mountain Dog from a rescue organisation or shelter can be a rewarding experience. Many Bernese rescues in Australia and abroad work to re-home dogs who, through no fault of their own, need new families. They assess each dog’s health, behaviour, and needs before matching them with potential owners. Adoption often includes support and guidance to help your dog settle in.

Buying from a Breeder

If buying a puppy, choose a breeder who prioritises health, temperament, and responsible breeding practices. Ethical breeders will conduct health testing for common issues such as hip and elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, and inherited cancers. Puppies should be raised in a clean, enriched environment with early socialisation to people and everyday household sounds. Avoid breeders who keep dogs in poor conditions or are unwilling to answer questions or provide health records.

When searching for a Bernese Mountain Dog puppy, you can start your research by visiting Dogz Online to find reputable breeders. Always ask to see the breeder’s ANKC registration papers to ensure they are properly registered and meeting ethical standards.

Key Questions to Ask

• What health tests have been done on the parents?
• How are puppies socialised before going to new homes?
• What diet are they currently eating?
• Do you offer ongoing support after purchase?
• Can I visit and see where the puppies are raised?

Love the Bernese Mountain Dog’s gentle nature, loyalty, and stunning looks? Here are other breeds with similar traits:

• Saint Bernard – Calm, affectionate, and great with families, Saint Bernards share the Bernese’s gentle giant reputation.
• Greater Swiss Mountain Dog – Another Swiss working breed, they have a shorter coat but the same tri-colour markings and loyal temperament.
• Leonberger – Intelligent, and striking in appearance, Leonbergers are excellent companions for active families who can handle a large breed.
• Tibetan Mastiff – Independent and protective, they are better suited to experienced owners but share the Bernese’s impressive presence.

Each of these breeds brings its own unique qualities, but all share the Bernese Mountain Dog’s combination of loyalty, strength, and affection.

Whether you already have a Bernese Mountain Dog or are thinking about bringing one into your family, we hope you’ve found this guide helpful. While they may require a bit more grooming and health care, Bernese are incredibly loyal, gentle, and loving companions.

Keep learning about their unique needs, stay on top of regular vet care, and enjoy every moment with your big, affectionate best friend.

This article was written by Dr. Jane Miller