The Vet’s Guide to Saint Bernard Dogs: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

Saint Bernards are large, gentle dogs known for their friendly and patient nature. Originally bred as working dogs in the Swiss Alps, they have a long history of rescuing lost travellers and serving as loyal companions. These giant dogs are famous for their kind temperament and make excellent family pets when provided with the proper care and environment.

Background: Saint Bernards have a history that dates back to the 17th century. They were initially bred by monks at the Great St. Bernard Hospice, a traveller’s refuge located in the treacherous mountain pass between Switzerland and Italy. The monks developed this breed to serve as guard dogs and later trained them for search and rescue missions, helping locate and save travellers stranded by snowstorms. Saint Bernards earned their reputation as lifesavers and were often depicted carrying small barrels of brandy around their necks to warm those they rescued. Today, they continue to be cherished for their historical legacy and gentle nature.

Appearance: Saint Bernards are easily recognisable by their massive size and powerful build. They have a broad head, a pronounced stop (the area where the muzzle meets the forehead), and a short to medium-length muzzle. Their eyes are typically dark brown and have a kind, expressive look. Saint Bernards come in two coat varieties: short-haired and long-haired. Both have dense, weather-resistant fur that can be white with red, brown, or brindle markings. Their ears are medium-sized, set high on the head, and hang down naturally, adding to their endearing appearance.

Physical Characteristics: These dogs are giants, with males typically weighing between 64 and 82 kilograms and females between 54 and 64 kilograms. Despite their size, Saint Bernards are muscular and well-proportioned, built for strength and endurance. Their large paws and sturdy legs make them well-suited for navigating rough terrain, and their broad chest indicates their capacity for hard work.

Temperament: Saint Bernards are renowned for their gentle and patient demeanour. They are affectionate, loyal, and great with children, often acting as gentle giants in the household. Their calm disposition makes them excellent therapy dogs and family companions. While they are generally friendly towards strangers, they also have a natural protective instinct, making them reliable guardians without being overly aggressive. They are known for their tolerance and are rarely excitable, making them a good choice for families looking for a composed and loving pet.

Activity Level: Saint Bernards have a moderate activity level. They enjoy daily walks and playtime but are not as high-energy as some other breeds. While they love a good play in the yard, they are also content with lounging indoors with their family. Due to their large size, it’s essential to monitor their exercise to avoid putting too much strain on their developing joints, especially during puppyhood.

Health: Like all large breeds, Saint Bernards are prone to certain health issues. They can be susceptible to hip and elbow dysplasia, heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, and bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus). Their eyes are also prone to conditions like entropion and ectropion. Despite these potential health challenges, many Saint Bernards live healthy lives with regular veterinary care, a proper diet, and an appropriate exercise routine.

Lifespan: Saint Bernards typically have a lifespan of 8 to 10 years, which is relatively short compared to smaller breeds. However, with the right care—including regular vet check-ups, a balanced diet, and appropriate exercise—they can live fulfilling and happy lives. Responsible breeding practices that prioritise the health and temperament of the dogs can also help improve their quality of life.

Grooming a Saint Bernard involves more than just maintaining their impressive appearance; it’s essential for their overall health and comfort. Their thick, weather-resistant coat requires regular care to keep it clean and free of tangles. Grooming also provides an excellent opportunity to check for any health issues, such as skin irritations or parasites, and strengthens the bond between you and your dog.

Grooming Requirements: Saint Bernards have a dense double coat that sheds moderately year-round, with an increase during shedding seasons in the spring and fall. To manage their shedding and keep their coat healthy, they should be brushed at least two to three times a week. For short-haired Saint Bernards, a slicker brush or a grooming rake works well to remove loose fur and prevent matting. Long-haired varieties may require additional brushing to prevent tangles and matting, especially in areas like behind the ears and around the legs. Regular grooming not only keeps their coat in top condition but also helps to reduce the amount of fur around the house.

Bathing: Saint Bernards don’t require frequent baths due to their natural oils that keep their skin and coat healthy. Bathing them every 2 to 3 months, or when they get particularly dirty, is usually sufficient. Given their size, bathing a Saint Bernard can be a bit of a task, so it's helpful to use a walk-in shower or a dog-friendly bath station. Always use a gentle, dog-specific shampoo to avoid stripping the natural oils from their coat. After bathing, it’s crucial to dry their coat thoroughly to prevent any skin issues, as moisture trapped in their dense fur can lead to irritation or infection.

Dental Care: Dental hygiene is crucial for Saint Bernards to prevent periodontal disease, which is common in many large breeds. Their teeth should be brushed several times weekly using a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste. Additionally, dental chews and toys can help keep their teeth clean and gums healthy by reducing tartar buildup. Regular dental check-ups with your vet are also important to monitor their oral health and address any issues like bad breath, gum disease, or tooth decay early on.

Clean Ears: Due to their floppy ears, Saint Bernards are prone to ear infections if their ears are not kept clean and dry. Check their ears weekly for signs of wax buildup, redness, or an unpleasant odour, which could indicate an infection. Clean their ears using a vet-approved ear cleaner and a soft cloth or cotton ball. Avoid inserting anything deep into the ear canal, as this can cause injury. Keeping the ears dry, especially after baths or swimming, is also crucial to prevent infections.

Nail Trimming: Saint Bernards’ nails should be trimmed every 3 to 4 weeks to prevent overgrowth and splitting. Long nails can cause discomfort and even lead to structural issues with their paws and legs. Due to their large size, a heavy-duty nail clipper designed for large breeds is recommended. If you can hear their nails clicking on the floor, it’s a sign they need trimming. If you’re not comfortable trimming their nails yourself, a professional groomer or veterinarian can assist.

Saint Bernards are prone to certain health issues, many of which are related to their large size and genetics. Awareness and early detection are key to managing these conditions effectively.

Hip and Elbow Dysplasia: Hip and elbow dysplasia are common in large breeds like Saint Bernards. This condition occurs when the hip or elbow joint doesn't fit properly into the socket, leading to pain, lameness, and arthritis over time. Symptoms can include stiffness, difficulty getting up, and reluctance to run or climb stairs. Managing dysplasia often involves a combination of weight management, joint supplements, physical therapy, and, in severe cases, surgery.

Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus): Bloat, or gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself. This can cut off blood supply to vital organs and requires immediate veterinary intervention. Symptoms of bloat include a distended abdomen, restlessness, drooling, and attempts to vomit without success. To reduce the risk of bloat, feed your Saint Bernard smaller, more frequent meals and avoid vigorous exercise around mealtime.

Heart Disease: Saint Bernards are susceptible to certain heart conditions, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the heart becomes enlarged and weakened. This condition can lead to heart failure if not managed properly. Symptoms of heart disease include coughing, difficulty breathing, fatigue, and fainting spells. Regular veterinary check-ups, including heart evaluations, can help detect early signs of heart disease. Treatment may involve medication, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle changes to support heart health.

Eye Conditions: Saint Bernards are prone to several eye conditions, including entropion (inward-rolling eyelids) and ectropion (outward-rolling eyelids), which can cause irritation and discomfort. They may also be at risk for cataracts, which can impair vision. Regular eye check-ups with your veterinarian are important to identify and address these issues early. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct these conditions and prevent further complications.

Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer): Large breeds like Saint Bernards have an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. This aggressive cancer typically affects the bones in the legs and can lead to pain, swelling, and lameness. If you notice persistent lameness or swelling in your Saint Bernard's limbs, consult your veterinarian promptly. Treatment often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and pain management to improve the dog's quality of life.

Heat Sensitivity: Due to their thick coat and large body mass, Saint Bernards are not well-suited to hot climates and can easily suffer from heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Symptoms of heat sensitivity include excessive panting, drooling, and lethargy. To prevent overheating, avoid exercising your Saint Bernard during the hottest parts of the day, provide plenty of fresh water, and ensure they have access to a cool, shaded area during warm weather.

Training a Saint Bernard can be a fulfilling experience due to their intelligent and eager-to-please nature. However, their large size and strength make it crucial to start training early. Positive reinforcement and incentive-based training methods are particularly effective with this breed. Training not only helps in teaching them good behaviours but also strengthens the bond between you and your Saint Bernard, making them a well-mannered and happy family member.

Using Positive Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement is one of the best ways to train a Saint Bernard. This method involves rewarding your dog for displaying desirable behaviours, which encourages them to repeat those actions in the future. Rewards can include treats, verbal praise, or even a favourite toy. Saint Bernards respond well to positive reinforcement because it makes training a fun and rewarding experience for them. When they associate good behaviour with positive outcomes, they are more likely to learn quickly and retain what they’ve learned. It's important to be consistent with praise and rewards so your Saint Bernard understands what behaviours are expected of them.

Treats and Incentives: Treats are a powerful incentive when training Saint Bernards, especially since they are highly food-motivated. Choose healthy, high-value treats that your dog finds particularly appealing, such as small pieces of chicken, cheese, or commercial dog treats. Keep the treats small to prevent overfeeding, as this breed is prone to obesity. Use treats as a reward for following commands like "sit," "stay," and "come," but remember to balance treat-based rewards with other types of reinforcement, like petting or verbal praise, to maintain a healthy weight. Over time, you can gradually phase out treats and rely more on praise and other rewards as your Saint Bernard becomes more consistent in their behaviour.

Consistency is Key: Consistency is crucial when training a Saint Bernard. Use the same command words and training cues each time to avoid confusion. Saint Bernards, while eager to please, can sometimes be a bit stubborn, so it’s important to be patient and persistent. Training sessions should be kept short—around 5 to 10 minutes—to keep your dog engaged and prevent them from becoming bored or frustrated. Regular practice, at least once or twice daily, helps reinforce the behaviours you’re teaching and establishes a routine that your Saint Bernard can follow. As with any training, patience and repetition are key. Over time, your consistent efforts will pay off, and your Saint Bernard will learn to respond reliably to your commands.

Socialisation: Socialisation is an essential part of training a Saint Bernard, especially during puppyhood. Expose them to various environments, people, and other animals to help them develop into well-rounded adults. Early socialisation helps prevent fearfulness or aggression and teaches your Saint Bernard how to behave appropriately in different situations. Positive experiences during socialisation will make your dog more adaptable and confident as they grow.

Crate Training and Housebreaking: Crate training can be an effective way to housebreak your Saint Bernard. Make the crate a positive and comfortable space for them by adding soft bedding and safe chew toys. Crate training helps establish a routine and prevents accidents in the house. Remember to use positive reinforcement, such as treats and praise, when your Saint Bernard successfully uses the crate or goes to the bathroom outside.

Keeping your Saint Bernard active is essential for their physical and mental well-being. While they are not as high-energy as some other breeds, they still require regular exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy. Engaging your Saint Bernard in various activities can help prevent boredom and unwanted behaviours.

Daily Walks: Daily walks are a great way to provide your Saint Bernard with the moderate exercise they need. Aim for at least 30 minutes of walking each day, split into two shorter walks if needed. Walks not only help keep them fit but also provide opportunities for mental stimulation as they explore new sights and smells. Make sure to use a sturdy leash and harness, as their size and strength can make them difficult to control if they become overly excited.

Playing Fetch: Playing fetch can be an enjoyable activity for Saint Bernards, despite their size. Use a large, durable ball or toy that's easy for them to pick up and carry. Fetch allows them to release energy and engage in play, promoting physical activity without overly strenuous exercise. Remember to play in a secure, open area where they can run safely, and avoid vigorous activities during hot weather to prevent overheating.

Interactive Toys: Interactive toys like puzzle feeders and treat-dispensing toys can help keep your Saint Bernard mentally stimulated. These toys challenge their problem-solving skills and provide mental enrichment, which is just as important as physical exercise. Choose sturdy toys designed for large breeds to withstand their powerful jaws. Rotating different toys and games will keep your dog engaged and prevent boredom.

Social Playtime: Saint Bernards are social dogs that enjoy interacting with other dogs and people. Arrange playdates with other dogs of a similar size and temperament, or visit a dog-friendly park. Social playtime helps them burn off energy and practice good manners around other dogs. Always supervise play sessions to ensure they are safe and enjoyable for everyone involved.

Saint Bernards are generally well-behaved and mild-mannered, but like any breed, they can develop behavioural issues if not properly trained and socialised. Understanding and addressing these issues early can help ensure that your Saint Bernard remains a well-adjusted and happy member of the family.

Separation Anxiety: Due to their strong bond with their family members, Saint Bernards can suffer from separation anxiety when left alone for extended periods. Signs of separation anxiety include excessive barking, destructive behaviour, and attempts to escape. To help manage this issue, gradually acclimate your Saint Bernard to being alone by starting with short absences and gradually increasing the time you are away. Providing engaging toys, creating a comfortable space for them, and using calming aids like pheromone diffusers can also help reduce anxiety.

Destructive Chewing: Saint Bernard puppies, in particular, may go through a destructive chewing phase as they explore their environment and teethe. Providing plenty of appropriate chew toys can help redirect this behaviour away from household items. If your Saint Bernard starts chewing on something they shouldn't, calmly redirect them to a suitable toy and reward them when they choose the correct object. Consistent training and supervision are key to preventing this behaviour from becoming a habit.

Excessive Barking: While Saint Bernards are not known to be excessive barkers, they may bark to alert their owners of unfamiliar people or sounds. If barking becomes a problem, it’s important to identify the cause. Providing adequate mental and physical stimulation can help reduce boredom-induced barking. Training them to understand a "quiet" command using positive reinforcement can also be effective in managing excessive barking.

Proper nutrition is vital to support the overall health and longevity of Saint Bernards. Due to their large size and predisposition to certain health issues, they require a carefully balanced diet that meets their specific needs at each life stage.

Puppy Nutrition: Saint Bernard puppies have rapid growth rates, and their nutritional needs are different from those of adult dogs. Feeding a high-quality, large-breed puppy formula is essential to support healthy bone and joint development. These specialised diets contain the right balance of protein, fat, and calcium to ensure steady growth without causing stress on developing joints. Overfeeding or providing excessive calories can lead to rapid growth, increasing the risk of orthopedic issues like hip dysplasia. It's crucial to follow feeding guidelines and monitor your puppy's growth to maintain a healthy weight.

Adult Nutritional Needs: As they mature, Saint Bernards require a balanced diet formulated for large breeds to support their overall health. Their diet should include high-quality protein sources for muscle maintenance, along with controlled fat levels to prevent obesity. Choose a dog food that contains added joint-supporting nutrients like glucosamine and chondroitin, which can help maintain healthy joints. Avoid overfeeding, as extra weight can exacerbate joint problems and other health issues. Divide their daily food intake into two to three meals to reduce the risk of bloat, a condition to which they are susceptible.

Specific Nutritional Needs: Some Saint Bernards may have specific dietary requirements due to health conditions such as food allergies or sensitivities. If your Saint Bernard exhibits signs of food intolerance, such as skin irritations or digestive issues, consult your veterinarian to identify the cause and adjust their diet accordingly. Additionally, ensure they have access to fresh, clean water at all times, especially during warm weather or after exercise, to prevent dehydration.

By providing a nutritionally balanced diet tailored to their needs, you can help your Saint Bernard maintain a healthy weight, support their joint health, and promote a long, active life.

We hope this guide has provided a comprehensive overview of the essentials needed to care for this gentle and majestic breed. From their rich history and iconic appearance to their specific grooming, health, and nutritional needs, you should now be equipped with the knowledge to ensure your Saint Bernard leads a happy, healthy, and fulfilling life. Whether you're training, playing, or simply spending time with your Saint Bernard, understanding and meeting their unique needs will not only enhance your bond but also ensure their well-being. With the proper care, your Saint Bernard will become a loyal and loving companion, bringing warmth and joy to your family for years to come.

This article was written by Dr. Jack Ayerbe