The Vet’s Guide to Pomeranians: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

Small in size but big in personality, the Pomeranian is a vibrant and affectionate toy breed loved by families across Australia. 

With their fluffy coats, alert expression, and lively nature, Pomeranians make charming companions for those who enjoy an active, intelligent pet in a compact package.

Background & Breed History

Pomeranians originated from the Pomerania region in what is now northern Poland and Germany. They are descendants of larger sled-pulling Spitz-type dogs and were gradually bred down in size to become fashionable lapdogs in the 18th century. Their popularity soared when Queen Victoria adopted one in the late 1800s, leading to the breed becoming widely recognised and admired for its petite stature and spirited personality.

Physical Characteristics

Pomeranians are known for their thick, double-layered coat, foxy face, and perky ears. Their expressive dark eyes and proud, plumed tail that arches over the back give them a distinct and endearing look. Despite their small size, they carry themselves with surprising confidence and a bold presence.

Typically weighing between 1.8 to 3.5 kilograms, Pomeranians stand around 18 to 30 cm tall at the shoulder. They come in a wide variety of colours, including orange, black, cream, sable, white, and more. Their double coat consists of a soft, fluffy undercoat and a longer outer coat that gives them their signature "puffball" appearance.

Temperament

Pomeranians are alert, intelligent, and full of personality. They are known to form strong bonds with their owners and can be quite vocal, often acting as little watchdogs. While affectionate and loving, they also have an independent streak and enjoy engaging with their environment. Socialisation from a young age is important to help curb bossiness or timidness.

Poms adjust well to different environments, from bustling family homes to single-person apartments, as long as they’re not left alone too often.

Activity Level

Although small, Pomeranians are energetic and require daily exercise to stay happy and healthy. Short walks, indoor play sessions, and interactive toys are ideal for keeping them stimulated. They enjoy learning tricks and participating in obedience training, which also serves as valuable mental enrichment.

Health and Lifespan

Pomeranians are generally healthy, but they can be prone to a few breed-specific issues. These may include dental disease, luxating patella (slipping kneecaps), tracheal collapse, and alopecia (hair loss). Regular veterinary check-ups, dental care, and a balanced lifestyle can help minimise risks and catch any concerns early. 

With good care, Pomeranians typically live between 12 to 16 years. A balanced diet, regular grooming, preventative healthcare, and plenty of love and attention go a long way in supporting a long, happy life.

Grooming a Pomeranian is more than just maintaining their fluffy coat—it’s an essential part of keeping them healthy and comfortable. Regular grooming also gives you a chance to check for any skin issues, ear problems, or dental concerns that may arise over time.

Grooming Requirements

Pomeranians have a thick double coat that requires consistent brushing to prevent matting and reduce shedding. Aim to brush your Pomeranian at least two to three times per week, using a slicker brush and a metal comb to gently work through tangles. Regular brushing also helps spread natural oils through their coat, keeping it healthy and shiny.

Due to their thick coats, Pomeranians are better suited to cooler climates. In hot weather, ensure they have shade, water, and avoid intense exercise.

Bathing

Bathing your Pomeranian every three to four weeks helps keep their coat clean and free from dirt or allergens. Use a gentle, dog-specific shampoo that won’t strip the coat of its natural oils. Be sure to rinse thoroughly and dry their dense fur completely to avoid any dampness that could lead to skin irritation or infection.

Dental Care

Due to their small mouths, Pomeranians are prone to dental problems, including plaque build-up and gum disease. Brushing their teeth several times a week with a dog-safe toothpaste is highly recommended. Dog dental chews and regular vet checks can also help maintain good oral hygiene and prevent costly dental issues later on.

Clean Ears

Pomeranians can be prone to wax build-up and ear infections, so it’s important to check their ears weekly. Look for signs of redness, bad odour, or discharge. Gently clean the outer ear with a damp cloth or a vet-approved ear cleaner for dogs, avoiding cotton buds, which can push debris further into the canal.

Nail Trimming

Their nails can grow quickly and should be trimmed every three to four weeks. Long nails can cause discomfort or even lead to posture issues. If you can hear their nails tapping on the floor, it’s time for a trim. Use a pet nail clipper and be cautious not to cut too close to the quick.

Training a Pomeranian is a rewarding experience, as they are highly intelligent and eager to please. Despite their small size, Pomeranians have bold personalities and benefit from early training to establish good manners and curb any unwanted behaviours.

They do best with predictable routines for feeding, walks, and play. This helps reduce anxiety and promotes good behaviour.

Positive Reinforcement

The most effective way to train a Pomeranian is through positive reinforcement. This means rewarding them with treats, praise, or play when they demonstrate the desired behaviour. Pomeranians respond well to consistency and gentle encouragement, so avoid harsh corrections or punishment, which can lead to fear or anxiety.

Use Treats and Incentives

Small, tasty dog treats are great motivators during training sessions. Use bite-sized rewards to maintain their focus, especially when teaching basic commands like sit, stay, or come. Over time, you can gradually reduce the number of treats and replace them with verbal praise or affection as they become more reliable in their responses.

Socialisation and Obedience

Early socialisation is key to raising a well-rounded Pomeranian. Introduce them to different people, pets, environments, and sounds from a young age. Enrolling in a puppy preschool or basic obedience class can help build their confidence and improve their listening skills in new situations.

House Training

Due to their small bladders, house training can take time and patience. Establish a consistent routine, take your Pomeranian out frequently, and reward them immediately when they go in the right spot. Crate training can also be helpful as part of their house training program.

With your Pomeranian, there are some health issues to be aware of that are common within the breed. We’ll walk you through the most frequent concerns, how to spot them early, and what you can do to minimise their impact and support your pet’s health.

Collapsing Trachea

Pomeranians are prone to a condition known as tracheal collapse, where the windpipe becomes weakened and narrows, making it difficult for your dog to breathe normally. Common signs include a honking cough, trouble breathing after exercise, or gagging. Using a harness instead of a collar and keeping your Pomeranian at a healthy weight can help reduce pressure on the windpipe.

Dental Disease

Due to their small mouths and crowded teeth, Pomeranians are particularly susceptible to dental problems such as tartar build-up, gum disease, and tooth loss. You might notice bad breath, difficulty eating, or red, swollen gums. To prevent dental disease, brush your dog’s teeth regularly with a dog-safe toothpaste and schedule routine dental check-ups with your vet.

Luxating Patella

A luxating patella, or “slipping kneecap,” is a common issue in small breeds like the Pomeranian. This condition can cause your dog to limp or skip a step while walking or running. In mild cases, it may not need treatment, but more severe instances may require physiotherapy or surgery. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight can reduce stress on their joints.

Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Pomeranian puppies, in particular, are at risk of hypoglycaemia due to their small size and fast metabolism. Symptoms can include lethargy, tremors, or disorientation. Feeding small, frequent meals and ensuring they eat regularly throughout the day can help prevent sudden drops in blood sugar. Always consult your vet if you notice any unusual behaviour.

Alopecia X (Black Skin Disease)

Some Pomeranians may develop a condition called Alopecia X, where the coat thins and bald patches develop, often with the skin turning dark in those areas. It is primarily cosmetic and not usually painful, but it’s important to rule out other causes of hair loss first. Your vet can help confirm the diagnosis and recommend treatments or management options if needed.

Keeping your Pomeranian active is essential not just for their physical health, but also to satisfy their curious, energetic nature. Despite their tiny size, these little dynamos thrive on engaging activities that stimulate both body and mind. A well-exercised Pomeranian is more likely to be content, well-behaved, and less prone to anxiety or destructive habits.

Daily Walks and Playtime

Short daily walks are an excellent way to burn off energy and keep your Pomeranian in good shape. Aim for two brisk 10–15-minute walks each day, adjusting for your dog’s age and fitness level. In between walks, provide play sessions indoors or in a safe outdoor area to keep them mentally alert.

Interactive Toys and Puzzle Games

Pomeranians are highly intelligent and love solving problems. Invest in dog puzzle toys that dispense treats, interactive feeders, or hide-and-seek games with their favourite toys. These options keep your Pom occupied and help reduce boredom-related behaviours such as excessive barking or chewing.

Fetch and Chase Games

Though small, Pomeranians often have a surprising amount of speed and agility. Playing fetch with a soft dog toy or ball in a controlled area can be a great way to channel their energy. You can also create chase games using feather wands or motorised cat toys—many Poms adore the challenge.

Trick Training and Agility

Trick training is a fun way to bond with your Pomeranian while exercising their body and brain. Teach them to spin, jump through hoops, or weave between your legs using positive reinforcement. For the more athletic Pom, miniature agility courses with tunnels, ramps, and weave poles can offer fantastic enrichment.

Scratching Posts and Climbing Aids

Although scratching posts are typically associated with cats, some Pomeranians enjoy climbing and exploring similar setups, especially those with platforms or hiding nooks. Low-level indoor dog gyms or padded pet stairs can offer new vantage points and keep your Pom entertained.

Doggy Playdates

Pomeranians often enjoy socialising with other small dogs. Arrange playdates with trusted, friendly companions to encourage healthy interaction and burn energy. Always supervise play to ensure your Pom doesn't get overwhelmed by rougher or larger dogs.

By mixing up their daily activities and offering plenty of mental stimulation, your Pomeranian will stay happy, healthy, and well-adjusted—ready to share their signature spark and sass with the world.

While Pomeranians are known for their charm and intelligence, they can sometimes develop behavioural issues if their needs aren’t fully met. Understanding common challenges in the breed can help you address them early and maintain a happy, balanced household.

Excessive Barking

Pomeranians are naturally vocal, and their alertness can lead to excessive barking, especially in noisy settings. Early training helps manage this tendency. While this makes them good little watchdogs, it can become problematic if left unchecked. Teaching a “quiet” command and ensuring they receive enough mental stimulation can reduce nuisance barking.

Separation Anxiety

Because they form strong bonds with their owners, Pomeranians may struggle when left alone for long periods. Signs include whining, pacing, or destructive behaviour. Gradually building up time apart, providing engaging toys, and using positive reinforcement can help ease anxiety. For more severe cases, consult your vet or a qualified trainer.

Possessiveness

Pomeranians may show possessive behaviour over their toys, food, or favourite humans. This can lead to resource guarding or aggression if not addressed. Early socialisation and setting clear boundaries can help your Pom learn to share and feel secure in their environment.

Bossiness and Stubbornness

With their confident nature, Pomeranians can sometimes become a little too bossy—especially if they think they’re in charge. This may show up as ignoring commands or trying to control situations. Consistent training, clear leadership, and positive reinforcement are key to maintaining respectful behaviour.

Nipping or Snapping

Although generally friendly, a poorly socialised or fearful Pomeranian may resort to nipping, especially if startled or handled roughly. Teaching bite inhibition from puppyhood and ensuring gentle interactions will help prevent this. If it becomes a pattern, seek guidance from a professional behaviourist.

By addressing behavioural issues early and staying consistent with training, your Pomeranian can develop into a well-mannered, confident companion who brings joy and personality into every part of your day.

Small in size but full of energy, Pomeranians need a well-balanced diet that supports their high metabolism and maintains their overall health. While they may not eat large portions, it’s essential that every bite is packed with the right nutrients.

Nutritional Balance

Pomeranians thrive on a high-quality, protein-rich diet. Look for dog food that lists real meat—such as chicken, turkey, or lamb—as the first ingredient. Animal protein supports muscle maintenance, energy levels, and healthy skin and coat. Aim for a diet that also includes omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, essential vitamins, and minerals to support their dense double coat and immune system.

Pomeranian Puppies

Puppies need extra calories, protein, and fat to fuel their rapid growth and development. Feed your Pomeranian puppy a specially formulated small breed puppy food 3–4 times daily until they reach about 9–12 months of age. Frequent, smaller meals also help prevent hypoglycaemia, which can be a risk in young Pomeranians.

Adult Pomeranians

An adult Pom (roughly 12 months to 7 years old) still requires a protein-rich, calorie-dense diet, but with more controlled portions to prevent weight gain. Choose high-quality small breed adult formulas that provide:

• Lean animal protein (chicken, turkey, fish)
• Healthy fats for energy and coat health
• Prebiotics and probiotics for digestive support
• Omega fatty acids for skin and coat maintenance

Portion control becomes especially important at this stage. Feeding twice daily helps maintain energy levels without overloading their tiny digestive system.

Senior Pomeranians

From around 8 years and older, senior Pomeranians often benefit from lower-calorie diets to help manage weight as activity levels decline. Look for senior-specific dog food that includes:

• Moderate protein to support aging muscles
• Lower fat content to avoid unnecessary weight gain
• Joint-supporting supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin
• Added antioxidants and vitamins to support immunity and cognitive function

Senior Poms may also have more dental issues or sensitive digestion, so softening dry kibble with a little warm water, or mixing in wet food, can make meals more enjoyable and easier to eat.

Wet and dry food balance

A mix of dry and wet food can provide comprehensive health benefits. Dry kibble can help reduce plaque build-up and support dental hygiene, while wet food offers additional hydration and may be more palatable for fussy eaters. Always ensure your Pom has access to fresh water throughout the day.

Portion control

Because of their small size, even a little overfeeding can lead to weight issues. Measure meals carefully and follow feeding guidelines based on age, weight, and activity level. Monitor your Pom’s body condition and adjust portions as needed. Regular vet check-ups can help ensure they’re maintaining a healthy weight.

Speak with your vet to tailor a feeding plan specific to your Pomeranian’s individual needs—whether they’re a playful puppy, active adult, or relaxed senior. A healthy diet goes a long way in supporting a long, happy life.

Finding the right Pomeranian begins with understanding their bold personality, grooming requirements, and strong attachment to their humans. 

Pomeranians are spirited, affectionate companions, but they need regular mental stimulation, firm yet gentle training, and a lot of time with their people. They are surprisingly adaptable for such a small breed, with their compact size and nature make them ideal for apartments and smaller environments, but they can thrive in larger homes too, provided they receive enough attention and daily stimulation.

Unfortunately, some find themselves in rescue situations when their high needs are overlooked—making adoption a wonderful option to consider.

If you’re buying, choose a breeder who screens for hereditary issues common in the breed, such as luxating patella, tracheal collapse, and dental disease. A responsible breeder will be transparent, welcome your questions, and ensure their puppies are well-socialised and raised in a safe, home-based environment.

Avoid purchasing from pet shops, online ads, or breeders who refuse to show you where the puppies are raised or let you meet the parents. These are serious red flags and could indicate poor welfare or unethical breeding conditions.

Questions to ask before committing:

• What health testing has been done on the parents?
• Are the puppies raised indoors with exposure to household noise and activity?
• How are you socialising the puppies before they go home?
• Do you provide a health guarantee or post-sale support?

Choosing a Pomeranian is a long-term commitment that starts with responsible, informed decisions. Whether you adopt or buy, seek out breeders or rescues that prioritise health, temperament, and the lifelong well-being of their dogs.

Love the Pomeranian’s bold personality, fluffy coat, and loyal nature? Here are a few other breeds that share similar charm, intelligence, and companionship qualities:

Chihuahua – Another tiny companion with a big personality. Chihuahuas are loyal, alert, and love to be the centre of attention.

Yorkshire Terrier (Yorkie) – A compact companion with a feisty spirit, Yorkies are smart, confident, and full of energy, with a big-dog attitude in a small body.

Toy Poodle – Highly intelligent and trainable, Toy Poodles are affectionate and lively, and their low-shedding coats are a bonus for allergy-sensitive households.

Havanese – Gentle, cheerful, and sociable, the Havanese shares the Pom’s love for human company and thrives in a family environment.

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel – Equally affectionate and sociable, Cavaliers boast silky coats and a gentle temperament. Great family dogs and lap warmers.

Prefer the classic spitz look? Consider the Japanese Spitz, American Eskimo Dog, Keeshond, Finnish Spitz, Shiba Inu and Samoyed. They share the Pom’s plush double coat, fox-like face and pricked ears, with sizes and energy levels ranging from toy to sled-dog.

If you're drawn to vibrant toy breeds that pack loads of character into a tiny frame, these dogs might also be a perfect fit for your lifestyle.

Whether you already share your home with a Pomeranian or are thinking about welcoming one into your life, we hope this guide has offered helpful insights into the care, personality, and needs of this delightful breed. While this article is a great starting point, it’s important to keep learning from trusted sources, connect with other Pom owners, and stay curious about how to best support their health, happiness, and individuality. With the right knowledge and care, your Pomeranian will thrive as the bold, affectionate companion they were born to be.

This article was written by Dr Jack Ayerbe