The Vet’s Guide to Cockatiels: Facts, Care, and Habitat Tips

Background

Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are a species of parrot endemic to Australia, where they inhabit the open woodlands, scrublands, and bushlands across the mainland. First described in the late 1700s, cockatiels have long been a part of the Australian ecosystem. Their popularity as pets began to rise in the 1900s, when their manageable size, affectionate nature, and ease of care made them a favourite choice for bird enthusiasts around the world.

Appearance

Cockatiels are easily recognised by their tall, expressive crests, round faces, and long tail feathers. The most common colour variation is the grey-bodied bird with a yellow face and orange cheek patches, although captive breeding has introduced a range of colours, including lutino, pied, pearl, and cinnamon varieties. Their unique crests serve as a mood barometer—raised when alert or excited, flattened when calm or relaxed.

Physical Characteristics

On average, cockatiels measure around 30 to 33 centimetres in length from head to tail, and typically weigh between 70 to 120 grams. They are slender birds with strong wings and a hooked beak, designed for climbing, chewing, and manipulating objects. Males and females often differ slightly in appearance—males usually have brighter cheek patches and more vivid colouring, while females may have barring under their tail and wings.

Temperament

Cockatiels are known for their friendly and affectionate personalities. They thrive on interaction with their human companions and often form strong bonds with their carers. While they may be shy at first, with gentle handling and patience, cockatiels become confident, curious, and loving pets. Many enjoy sitting on shoulders, whistling tunes, and even mimicking sounds or short phrases.

Activity Level

Despite their small size, cockatiels are quite active and playful birds. They require daily out-of-cage time to stretch their wings, explore, and engage with toys or people. They enjoy climbing, foraging, and learning simple tricks. Boredom can lead to behavioural issues, so enrichment through toys, social interaction, and a varied environment is essential.

Health

Cockatiels are generally hardy birds, but they are prone to certain health conditions, including respiratory infections, feather plucking (often due to stress or boredom), and obesity. They may also suffer from nutritional deficiencies if not fed a balanced diet. Regular veterinary check-ups and early detection are key to maintaining their wellbeing.

Lifespan

With proper care, cockatiels can live anywhere from 15 to 25 years, with some individuals reaching 30 years of age. Their longevity makes them a long-term commitment, and potential owners should be prepared for many years of companionship and responsibility.

Grooming and skin care are important aspects of cockatiel ownership, helping to ensure your bird stays healthy, comfortable, and looking their best. While cockatiels are fairly low-maintenance compared to some larger parrots, they still require regular attention to their feathers, nails, beak, and overall hygiene. Skin care for cockatiels focuses on maintaining optimal feather condition and preventing dryness or irritation, particularly during moulting.

Grooming Requirements

Cockatiels are naturally tidy birds that preen their feathers daily to remove dust, realign feathers, and distribute oils from the uropygial gland at the base of their tail. This self-grooming is essential for insulation, waterproofing, and flight. While they do much of the work themselves, owners can support their grooming routine by providing clean living conditions, regular bathing opportunities, and access to a variety of perches and bird enrichment toys.

Bathing

Bathing plays a key role in a cockatiel’s grooming routine. It helps loosen dirt, reduce feather dust, and hydrate the skin. Many cockatiels enjoy being gently misted with room-temperature water, while others prefer splashing in a shallow dish. Bathing two to three times a week is typically enough, though birds in drier climates may benefit from more frequent bathing, especially during moulting season when skin can become irritated.

Feather Care

Healthy feathers are vital for a cockatiel’s ability to regulate temperature, fly, and express themselves. During moulting periods, when old feathers are replaced with new ones, birds may need extra support in the form of increased bathing and dietary nutrients, particularly protein and vitamin A. It's important to avoid overhandling during this time, as developing pin feathers can be sensitive. Feathers should always appear smooth and well-aligned; any signs of feather loss, barbering, or plucking should prompt a veterinary check-up, as these may indicate stress, illness, or skin irritation.

Dental Care

Although cockatiels don’t have teeth, beak maintenance is a key part of their grooming. A healthy beak should be symmetrical, smooth, and allow for easy eating and climbing. Beaks naturally stay trimmed through regular chewing and climbing activities, so it’s important to offer a variety of chew-safe toys, mineral blocks, and natural wood perches. An overgrown or misshapen beak may signal an underlying health issue and should be assessed by a vet.

Clean Ears

Cockatiels have small, feather-covered ear openings located behind and slightly below their eyes. Routine ear cleaning is not necessary, as their ears usually stay clean on their own. However, owners should stay alert for signs of ear issues, such as scratching, head tilting, discharge, or sensitivity to touch. If any of these signs are present, prompt veterinary care is recommended—cockatiel ears are delicate and best left to professionals when intervention is needed.

Nail Trimming

In the wild, cockatiels naturally wear down their nails while climbing and foraging. In captivity, however, their nails may grow too long, especially if kept on soft perches. Overgrown nails can make perching uncomfortable and may even lead to injury. Regular inspection is important, and if nails become sharp or begin to curl, a trim may be needed. Nail trimming should be done carefully using bird-safe nail clippers, and it's often best handled by a vet or experienced bird groomer to avoid cutting into the quick.

bird enrichment toys

While cockatiels are generally hardy and adaptable birds, they can be susceptible to a range of health issues—many of which are preventable with proper care, diet, and hygiene. Being able to recognise early signs of illness and understanding common conditions can help owners act quickly and ensure their bird receives appropriate veterinary care.

Respiratory Infections

Cockatiels are prone to respiratory infections, particularly if exposed to drafts, smoke, or poor air quality. Symptoms may include sneezing, nasal discharge, wheezing, tail bobbing, or a noticeable change in vocalisation. Prompt veterinary attention is essential, as untreated respiratory issues can quickly become serious. Keeping the bird’s environment clean, warm, and free from airborne irritants is key to prevention.

Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)

Psittacosis, also known as chlamydiosis, is a bacterial infection that can affect cockatiels and may be transmissible to humans. Common signs include lethargy, green or watery droppings, difficulty breathing, and eye or nasal discharge. Though treatable with antibiotics, psittacosis can become severe if not addressed promptly. Regular vet check-ups and maintaining hygiene in the bird’s living space help reduce risk.

Feather Plucking

Feather plucking can be caused by a number of factors including boredom, stress, poor diet, or underlying health issues such as skin infections or parasites. If a cockatiel begins pulling out feathers, it’s important to identify the root cause rather than treating it as a behavioural issue alone. Enrichment, environmental changes, and a thorough vet assessment are often needed to resolve the problem.

Obesity

Obesity is a common issue in pet cockatiels, especially those with limited space to fly or exercise. A diet heavy in seeds and lacking in variety can contribute to excess weight, which in turn increases the risk of fatty liver disease and other health complications. Preventing obesity involves providing a balanced diet and encouraging regular activity through out-of-cage time and enrichment.

Egg Binding

Female cockatiels, even those without a mate, can lay eggs. Occasionally, a bird may suffer from egg binding—where an egg becomes stuck inside the reproductive tract. This is a medical emergency and signs include lethargy, straining, fluffed-up feathers, and swelling around the vent. Providing a calcium-rich diet and proper lighting can help prevent this condition, especially in prolific layers.

Mites and Parasites

External parasites like mites can cause itchiness, feather damage, and skin irritation. Scaly face mites, in particular, can affect the beak, cere, and around the eyes. Regular cleaning of the cage, avoiding exposure to wild birds, and maintaining good hygiene can prevent infestations. Any signs of crusting or feather loss should be checked by a vet for accurate diagnosis and treatment with specific bird parasite prevention solutions.

Signs of Illness

Cockatiels are prey animals and naturally hide signs of illness, which means early detection can be tricky. Watch for subtle changes in behaviour such as reduced vocalisation, sitting at the bottom of the cage, fluffed-up feathers, reduced appetite, or unusual droppings. If any of these signs appear, a veterinary assessment should be arranged without delay.

Cockatiels are intelligent, social birds that respond well to positive reinforcement and gentle, consistent training. With patience and the right approach, they can learn a range of behaviours—from basic taming and step-up commands to whistling tunes and even mimicking words or sounds. Training not only strengthens the bond between bird and owner but also provides vital mental stimulation.

Sessions

The best time to begin training is when your cockatiel is relaxed and comfortable in its environment. Start with short, daily sessions of around 5 to 10 minutes to maintain your bird’s focus without overwhelming it. The “step-up” command—encouraging the bird to hop onto your finger or perch—is a great foundational behaviour and helps build trust. Always use a calm voice and slow movements, as sudden actions can startle them.

Rewards

Using treats is one of the most effective ways to encourage desired behaviour. Millet spray is a favourite among many cockatiels and works well as a training reward. It’s important to reserve these treats for training sessions to keep them motivating. Pair the treat with verbal praise, and deliver it immediately after the correct action so your bird can make the connection between behaviour and reward.

Clicker Training

Clicker training, a method often used with dogs, can also work well with cockatiels. A small clicker sound acts as a consistent marker to signal a successful behaviour, followed by a treat. This method helps clarify communication between you and your bird and speeds up the learning process when used consistently.

Consistency

Above all, patience and consistency are key. Never punish a cockatiel for not understanding or for becoming distracted. Instead, end sessions on a positive note and always reward even small steps towards progress. Over time, your cockatiel will not only become more cooperative but may also look forward to training as a fun and enriching activity.

Proper handling is a cornerstone of successful cockatiel training and socialisation. These birds are naturally cautious, so gaining their trust takes time, patience, and consistency. Begin by spending quiet time near the cage and speaking softly to help your bird become familiar with your presence. This gentle approach helps reduce fear and allows the bird to observe you from a safe distance.

Approach

Once your cockatiel appears comfortable, you can begin offering treats through the bars or from an open palm inside the cage. Progress gradually—never rush to pick the bird up. When your cockatiel starts accepting treats confidently, you can introduce the “step-up” command. Encourage your bird to step onto your finger or a handheld perch by gently pressing it against their lower chest. Be steady and calm to help the bird feel secure.

Building Trust

Building trust is key. Short, positive sessions each day are more effective than long or infrequent ones. End each session with praise or a treat, even if progress is small. Over time, your bird will begin to associate your presence with positive experiences, laying the foundation for a strong, trusting bond.

Body Language

Reading your cockatiel’s body language is essential. A relaxed cockatiel will have smooth feathers, a curious gaze, and may preen, chirp softly, or nibble gently. If your bird fluffs up aggressively, hisses, lunges, or backs away, it’s communicating discomfort or fear. Always respect these signs—forcing interaction can lead to stress, biting, or regression in training.

Bonding

Once trust is established, most cockatiels enjoy physical contact and social time. They often seek out attention, perch on your shoulder, or engage in gentle play. Regular handling and interaction not only strengthen your bond but also help prevent boredom and behavioural issues.

As a small parrot species with high energy levels, cockatiels require a carefully balanced diet to support their health, feather quality, and overall wellbeing. Providing the right nutrition not only helps prevent common health issues but also contributes to a longer, more vibrant life.

Nutritional Balance

Cockatiels thrive on a varied diet that includes pellets, fresh vegetables, some fruits, and a limited amount of seeds. A high-quality commercial bird food pellet should form the base of their daily intake—these are specially formulated to provide essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins in every bite. Aim for pellets to make up around 60–70% of your cockatiel’s diet.

Fresh vegetables such as leafy greens (e.g., spinach, kale, silverbeet), broccoli, and carrots should be offered daily. These provide crucial nutrients, including vitamin A, which is especially important for skin, feather, and immune health. Fruits like apples, berries, or melons can be offered in small quantities a few times a week, but should not be a daily staple due to their sugar content.

You can also explore bird supplements and vitamins to supplement your Cockatiel's diet.

Limit Seeds and Treats

While seeds are a natural part of a cockatiel’s diet, they are high in fat and should only be given in moderation. Many cockatiels love seeds, but an all-seed diet can lead to obesity, fatty liver disease, and nutritional deficiencies. Reserve seeds and seed mixes as occasional treats or training rewards, rather than the main course.

Avoid giving cockatiels foods high in fat, sugar, or salt, as well as toxic items such as avocado, chocolate, caffeine, onion, and alcohol. Always ensure fresh, clean water is available, and change it daily.

Feeding Schedule

Cockatiels do best with consistent feeding routines. Most owners feed their birds twice a day—morning and evening—offering measured amounts of pellets and a fresh serving of vegetables at each meal. Uneaten fresh foods should be removed within a few hours to avoid spoilage. Monitor your bird’s weight and body condition regularly to ensure they are maintaining a healthy balance.

Portion Sizes

Every cockatiel is different, and portion sizes should be adjusted according to your bird’s age, activity level, and health. As a general guide, an adult cockatiel will eat about 1 to 2 tablespoons of pellets per day, supplemented with a small handful of fresh vegetables and the occasional fruit slice or seed treat. Overfeeding can lead to weight gain, so portion control is just as important as diet quality.

Finding the right cockatiel starts with understanding the breed’s social nature, mental stimulation needs, and lifespan. Cockatiels are affectionate, intelligent birds that thrive on daily interaction and environmental enrichment. Unfortunately, some end up in rescues or shelters when these needs are misunderstood or underestimated—making adoption a valuable first option to consider.

If you're looking to buy, it's essential to find a reputable breeder who prioritises the health, welfare, and social development of their birds. Responsible breeders hand-raise chicks in a home environment, provide early handling to encourage tameness, and will be open about the bird’s diet, history, and any health checks. They should also be willing to answer your questions and support you post-purchase.

In Australia, platforms like avian-focused rescue groups can help connect you with trusted breeders or adoption centres who follow best-practice care standards. Many rescue cockatiels are tame, healthy, and simply in need of a second chance at a forever home.

Avoid purchasing from pet shops, online sellers, or breeders who cannot show you where the birds are raised or how they’ve been socialised. Poor breeding environments and lack of handling often lead to fearful or unhealthy birds. These are red flags worth walking away from.

Questions to Ask Before Committing:

• What kind of diet has the bird been raised on?
• Has the cockatiel been hand-tamed or socialised from a young age?
• Are there any known health issues or veterinary checks completed?
• How do you support new owners post-sale?
• Can I see where the birds are raised and meet the parents if applicable?

Choosing a cockatiel is a long-term commitment—these birds can live 15 to 25 years. Start your journey with a foundation of trust, transparency, and ethical sourcing to give your new companion the best possible start

If you love the idea of owning a cockatiel but are still exploring your options, there are several other companion birds that share similar traits in terms of personality, size, or care needs:

• Budgerigar (Budgie) - Smaller and slightly less demanding than cockatiels, budgies are another popular Australian native. They’re playful, easy to train, and great for beginners looking for a social bird.
• Lovebird - Known for their affectionate and sometimes cheeky nature, lovebirds are slightly more energetic and can be very loyal to their bonded human (or bird) companion. They do best with regular social interaction.
• Green-Cheeked Conure - Larger and a bit louder than cockatiels, green-cheeked conures are curious and cuddly parrots that thrive with attention and enrichment. They require a bit more commitment but are very rewarding.
• Parrotlet - Tiny but full of personality, parrotlets are intelligent and can be trained to do tricks and mimic words. They tend to bond strongly with their owners and are best suited to experienced handlers.

Each bird species has its own unique care requirements, so it’s worth researching thoroughly and considering your lifestyle before choosing the right feathered friend.

Cockatiels are charming, affectionate companions that bring joy, song, and character into any home. With their inquisitive nature, gentle temperament, and ability to form strong bonds, they make excellent pets for both first-time and experienced bird owners alike.

Caring for a cockatiel goes beyond food and a cage. It’s about creating a stimulating, social environment where they can thrive. From proper nutrition and grooming to regular handling and mental enrichment, every aspect of care plays a role in their long-term health and happiness.

Whether you choose to adopt or purchase from a responsible breeder, being informed and prepared is the first step in providing a loving, lifelong home. With the right care and commitment, your cockatiel will become a beloved part of the family for many years to come.

This article was written by Dr. Jane Miller