The Vet’s Guide to Scottish Fold Cats: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

The Scottish Fold is a unique and lovable breed known for its distinctively folded ears and round, endearing face. With a calm and affectionate nature, these cats make for excellent companions in various households. Whether you’re new to the breed or already have one in your home, learning more about their background, appearance, and care needs will help ensure a long and healthy life for your furry friend.

Background: The Scottish Fold’s journey began in 1961 when a white barn cat named Susie was discovered on a farm in Scotland. Susie had an unusual trait—her ears folded forward, which gave her an adorable owl-like look. This distinct feature was the result of a natural genetic mutation, and soon, Susie’s kittens inherited her unique appearance. From there, the Scottish Fold breed was developed, eventually gaining popularity around the world for their sweet temperament and charming appearance.

Appearance: Scottish Folds are famous for their folded ears, which were caused by a cartilage mutation. This distinctive feature makes their heads look rounder and gives them a curious, wide-eyed expression. However, not all Scottish Folds have folded ears—some are born with straight ears, though they still carry the same round features and sweet personality. The breed can come in various colours and patterns, adding to their overall appeal.

Physical Characteristics: Scottish Folds are medium-sized cats, typically weighing 3-6 kilograms. They have a sturdy build with round faces, large eyes, and soft, dense coats that can either be short or long. Their folded ears, which range from a slight bend to a tight fold, are their most distinguishing characteristic. They are also known for their rounded bodies and plush appearance, adding to their charm.

Temperament: Scottish Folds are well-loved for their affectionate and calm nature. They are gentle, loyal, and enjoy being around their families. Though they are not overly demanding, they do form strong bonds with their owners and often follow them from room to room, seeking attention and companionship. Scottish Folds are typically quiet cats, rarely vocalising unless they want something. They tend to get along well with children and other pets, making them great additions to most households.

Activity Level: While not the most active of cats, Scottish Folds enjoy playtime and interactive activities, particularly those that engage their hunting instincts. They have a moderate energy level, preferring shorter play sessions rather than long periods of activity. Toys that stimulate their curiosity, such as puzzle feeders and feather wands, are perfect for keeping them entertained. However, don’t expect them to be as lively as other, more energetic breeds—they’re more likely to settle into your lap after a few minutes of play.

Health: Scottish Folds are generally healthy cats, but they are prone to a few genetic health concerns. The most notable issue is osteochondrodysplasia, a condition caused by the same gene responsible for their folded ears. This can lead to joint and cartilage problems, causing discomfort or stiffness in their limbs. Regular vet visits and careful monitoring of their mobility are essential for early detection and management of these issues. Additionally, like many cat breeds, Scottish Folds can also be prone to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a heart condition that affects the thickness of the heart muscle.

Lifespan: With proper care, Scottish Folds can live a happy and healthy life for around 12 to 15 years. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and an active lifestyle can help ensure that your Scottish Fold remains a beloved part of your family for as long as possible.

Grooming and skin care are essential to keeping your Scottish Fold cat healthy and comfortable. Their unique coat and iconic folded ears require regular attention to prevent common issues like matting, ear infections, and skin problems. By staying on top of your cat’s grooming routine and addressing their skin care needs, you’ll help ensure they stay in top shape.

Grooming Requirements: Scottish Folds can have short or long coats, and their grooming needs vary slightly depending on the length. Shorthaired Scottish Folds require minimal maintenance, so a quick brush is needed once a week to remove loose hair and prevent shedding. For longhaired Folds, a more regular brushing routine—two to three times a week—will help prevent tangles and mats from forming. A gentle, slicker brush or wide-toothed comb is ideal for both varieties, as it will keep their coat smooth without irritating their skin.

Bathing: Unlike some breeds, Scottish Folds don’t need frequent baths. You can bathe them once every few months or only as needed if they get particularly dirty. When it’s time for a bath, use a mild cat-specific shampoo that’s gentle on their skin and fur. Avoid over-bathing as it can strip the natural oils from their coat, leading to dry skin. After bathing, thoroughly dry your Scottish Fold, especially in colder months.

Skin Requirements: Scottish Folds, especially those with folds in their ears or thicker fur, can be prone to skin irritation. Regularly check for signs of dry, flaky skin or redness, which may indicate allergies or other skin issues. A balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids can help keep their skin moisturised and healthy. If your cat shows signs of persistent itching or discomfort, consult your veterinarian for advice on possible causes and treatments.

Dental Care: Just like all cats, Scottish Folds need proper dental care to prevent gum disease and tooth decay. Brushing your cat’s teeth two to three times a week using a cat-friendly toothbrush and toothpaste is highly recommended. Dental chews and toys designed to promote oral health can also help reduce plaque buildup between brushings. Regular dental check-ups with your vet will keep their teeth in good condition.

Clean Ears: Scottish Folds' folded ears require special attention, as they are more prone to wax buildup and infections due to reduced airflow. Check their ears weekly and gently clean them with a damp cotton ball or a vet-approved ear-cleaning solution. Be careful not to insert anything deep into the ear canal, as this can cause injury or irritation. If you notice any signs of redness, swelling, or foul odour, consult your vet immediately to prevent ear infections.

Nail Trimming: Regular nail trimming is important to keep your Scottish Fold comfortable and prevent overgrown nails. Trimming every two to three weeks will keep their claws at a healthy length and prevent them from snagging or causing damage to furniture or themselves. If your cat is uncomfortable with nail trimming, start gradually, offering treats and positive reinforcement to make the experience more manageable. You can also seek help from a professional groomer or your vet if needed.

Scottish Fold cats are adored for their unique appearance, but their distinctive folded ears can also raise potential health concerns. Like any breed, it’s important to be aware of specific conditions that may arise and monitor your cat for signs of discomfort or illness. 

Osteochondrodysplasia: The gene responsible for the folded ears in Scottish Folds is also linked to a condition known as osteochondrodysplasia. This disorder affects the development of cartilage and bones, leading to joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the legs, tail, and spine. Cats with this condition may exhibit signs such as limping, difficulty jumping, or a stiff tail. Regular check-ups with your vet are essential for early diagnosis, and treatment typically includes pain management and, in severe cases, anti-inflammatory medication or physical therapy.

Ear Infections: Scottish Folds are more prone to ear infections due to their folded ears. The shape of their ears can reduce airflow, leading to a buildup of wax and moisture, which creates an ideal environment for bacteria. Regular ear cleaning and monitoring for signs of infection, such as redness, discharge, or foul odour, are crucial. If left untreated, ear infections can cause discomfort and further complications, so catching them early is important.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart condition in many cat breeds, including the Scottish Fold. This disease causes the walls of the heart to thicken, which can lead to heart failure if not appropriately managed. Regular veterinary exams and heart screenings, especially as your cat ages, are vital in catching this condition early. Symptoms may include lethargy, difficulty breathing, or fainting. While there is no cure for HCM, medication can help manage symptoms and improve your cat’s quality of life.

Scottish Folds are intelligent, adaptable, and eager to please, making them relatively easy to train. While cats may not be as trainable as dogs, using positive reinforcement techniques can go a long way in shaping your cat’s behaviour. With patience and consistency, you can teach your Scottish Fold basic commands, litter box training, and even fun tricks!

Positive Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement is the key to training a Scottish Fold. This involves rewarding your cat with treats, praise, or affection whenever they display the desired behaviour. For instance, when teaching your cat to use a scratching post instead of furniture, reward them immediately after they scratch the post. This reinforces the idea that good behaviour leads to positive outcomes, encouraging them to repeat it.

Treats and Incentives: Scottish Folds respond well to treat-based training. Start with small, healthy treats that your cat enjoys, and use them to reward good behaviour. For example, if you’re teaching your cat to come when called, say their name in a calm, positive tone and give them a treat when they approach you. Over time, your cat will associate coming to you with getting a treat, reinforcing the behaviour.

Consistency is Key: When training a Scottish Fold, consistency is crucial. Use the same commands, tone of voice, and timing when rewarding your cat, as this helps them understand what you expect. Whether you’re teaching litter box use, discouraging counter-jumping, or introducing a scratching post, repetition and clear expectations will make the training process smoother.

Socialisation and Handling: While Scottish Folds are naturally friendly, early socialisation is still important. Expose them to different people, pets, and environments to ensure they remain well-adjusted and confident. Handling them gently from a young age will also make vet visits, grooming, and nail trimming easier as they grow older.

Keeping your Scottish Fold active and engaged is essential for their mental and physical well-being. Though they are not as energetic as some other breeds, Scottish Folds still enjoy interactive play and need regular stimulation to prevent boredom. Engaging your cat in daily activities will help keep them fit and entertained. 

Playing Fetch: Believe it or not, many Scottish Folds love a good game of fetch! This simple game can be a great way to engage your cat’s natural hunting instincts while providing exercise. Try tossing a small toy or ball across the room and encourage your cat to chase it. With enough practice, your Scottish Fold may bring the toy back to you for another round!

Interactive Toys: Toys that stimulate a Scottish Fold’s mind and body are a fantastic way to keep them entertained. Wand toys with feathers or strings will get your cat jumping and pouncing, while laser pointers can provide a fun, high-energy chase. Puzzle toys that dispense treats also challenge their problem-solving skills and reward them with a tasty prize. Rotate different toys to keep things fresh and exciting.

Scratching Posts: Scratching is a natural behaviour for cats, and providing your Scottish Fold with scratching posts will not only satisfy this urge but also protect your furniture. Choose sturdy scratching posts or pads covered in materials like sisal rope or carpet. Place them in common areas where your cat likes to spend time. Some cats prefer vertical posts, while others enjoy horizontal scratchers, so offering both options can help meet their preferences.

Climbing Trees and Shelves: While Scottish Folds are typically more laid-back, they still enjoy climbing and exploring their environment. Cat trees or wall-mounted shelves allow your cat to climb, stretch, and perch in higher spaces. This will enable them to stay active and observe their surroundings from a different perspective, which can be mentally stimulating.

Like all breeds, Scottish Folds may exhibit certain behavioural issues that owners should be aware of. While generally mild-mannered and easygoing, these cats can still face challenges when their needs are not met or if they are experiencing stress. 

Separation Anxiety: Scottish Folds are known for forming strong bonds with their owners, which means they can sometimes experience separation anxiety if left alone for long periods. Signs of separation anxiety include excessive meowing, destructive behaviour, or inappropriate urination. To reduce anxiety, try to establish a consistent routine, provide plenty of activities when you’re away, and consider interactive toys or cat puzzles to keep them occupied.

Litter Box Problems: Litter box issues can occur in Scottish Folds if they are unhappy with the cleanliness or location of their litter box. Cats are naturally clean animals, and any changes in their bathroom habits could signal dissatisfaction or even a health issue. Make sure the litter box is cleaned regularly and that it’s placed in a quiet, accessible area. If your Scottish Fold continues to avoid the litter box, consult your vet to rule out any medical concerns.

Aggression Due to Pain: In some cases, Scottish Folds may show signs of aggression if they are experiencing discomfort from osteochondrodysplasia or other joint-related issues. This can manifest as hissing, biting, or swatting, particularly when touched in sensitive areas like the tail or legs. If your cat shows sudden aggressive behaviour, it’s important to visit your veterinarian to check for any underlying health problems.

Proper nutrition is key to keeping your Scottish Fold healthy and happy throughout their life. Like all cats, Scottish Folds require a balanced diet rich in proteins, fats, and essential vitamins to support their overall well-being. However, given their genetic predispositions and unique build, certain dietary considerations are important to maintain optimal weight and avoid common health issues.

General Nutritional Needs: Scottish Folds benefit from a high-protein diet, as they are obligate carnivores, meaning they thrive on animal-based proteins. Choose a high-quality cat food that lists meat, poultry, or fish as the main ingredient. A diet with an appropriate balance of protein, fats, and carbohydrates will help them maintain lean muscle mass and provide the energy needed for daily activities.

Nutritional Needs for Kittens: Scottish Fold kittens have different dietary needs compared to adults, as they are growing rapidly and require higher levels of nutrients to support their development. Kittens need food specifically formulated to be rich in proteins, fats, and essential nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus for bone development.

Feed your kitten multiple small meals daily (usually 3–4 times) to ensure they get enough nutrients. As your Scottish Fold kitten approaches 12 months, you can begin transitioning them to adult food, gradually mixing in the new food to prevent digestive upset.

Specific Nutritional Considerations: Scottish Folds can be prone to joint issues like osteochondrodysplasia, so it’s a good idea to include joint-supporting supplements in their diet. Omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, and chondroitin can help support joint health and reduce inflammation, which may alleviate some discomfort associated with joint problems. Many high-quality cat foods are already enriched with these ingredients, but your vet may recommend additional supplements if needed.

Hydration and Wet Food: Like all cats, Scottish Folds need plenty of water to support kidney function and prevent urinary tract issues. While dry food is convenient, incorporating wet food into your cat’s diet is an excellent way to boost hydration, as it contains a higher moisture content.

Observing your Scottish Fold’s diet and nutritional needs throughout its life will ensure that it maintains a healthy weight, strong joints, and overall well-being. Regular vet check-ups can help you adjust its diet, ensuring that your cat receives the right nutrients at every life stage.

Scottish Folds are a distinctive and lovable breed, cherished for their folded ears, round faces, and sweet personalities. Whether you’re new to the breed or an experienced owner, understanding their care needs is critical to ensuring a long, healthy life. From grooming and nutrition to exercise and training, Scottish Folds flourish when their physical and emotional needs are met. With the proper care and attention, your Scottish Fold will bring years of companionship and joy to your home, making them a truly wonderful addition to any family.

This article was written by Dr Jack Ayerbe