The Vet’s Guide to Havanese: Facts, Care, and Training Tips

With their sweet, engaging personalities and fluffy coats, Havanese dogs are a joy to own and are especially cherished as loyal family companions. Originating in Cuba, they have an impressive background as dogs of nobility, and they maintain their refined charm and cheerful disposition to this day. Friendly, affectionate, and always ready to play, the Havanese is a perfect match for those seeking a small, companionable dog with plenty of personality.

History and Background: The Havanese is the only dog breed native to Cuba and belongs to the Bichon family. Spanish settlers introduced them in the 16th century, and they quickly gained popularity among Cuban aristocracy. Nicknamed the "Havana Silk Dog" for their elegant coats, these pups became treasured lapdogs for the elite. As political changes unfolded, Havanese found their way to the United States, where their affectionate nature and charming appearance won hearts once again.

Appearance: Havanese dogs are easily recognised by their soft, flowing coats that may be straight, curly, or wavy. Their warm, expressive eyes and slightly rounded ears give them an inquisitive, friendly look. Coats come in a wide array of colours such as, white, black, cream, brown, and multi-colour combinations. Despite the length of their coat, they shed very little, making them ideal for allergy-sensitive households.

Physical Characteristics: Compact and sturdy, Havanese typically stand 23 to 27 centimetres tall and weigh between 3.5 to 6 kilograms. Though small, they have a solid, muscular build and are well-proportioned. Their distinctive tails curl over their backs in a fluffy plume, contributing to their cheerful, slightly comical look.

Temperament: Friendly and affectionate, Havanese are happiest when they’re with their people. They are intelligent, playful, and thrive in social settings, making them perfect for families, multi-pet homes, or seniors. Their eagerness to please and cheerful attitude make them excellent companions who enjoy games, tricks, and learning new skills.

Activity Level: Havanese have moderate exercise needs. While not overly energetic, they benefit from daily walks, playtime, and interactive activities to stay mentally and physically stimulated. Their playful nature suits both indoor and outdoor games, and they adapt well to various living environments, including apartments and homes with small yards.

Health: Generally a healthy breed, Havanese may be predisposed to a few hereditary conditions, including cataracts, progressive retinal atrophy, and patellar luxation. Dental issues are also common due to their small jaws. Routine vet visits and good at-home care can help manage these risks and support long-term health.

Lifespan: With proper care, Havanese dogs typically live between 14 and 16 years. Their affectionate temperament, adaptability, and longevity make them a wonderful and devoted addition to any household.

Grooming a Havanese is an essential part of their care routine due to their unique, long, and silky coat. Unlike many small breeds, Havanese dogs do not shed excessively, but their thick, wavy fur requires regular maintenance to keep it looking healthy and tangle-free. Grooming a Havanese involves not only coat care but also routine cleaning of their teeth, ears, and nails to maintain their overall health and comfort.

Grooming Requirements: The Havanese’s long, silky coat is prone to tangles and mats if left unattended. To avoid this, brush their coat at least two to three times a week using a slicker brush or a wide-toothed comb. For owners looking for a more manageable option, the “puppy cut” is a popular shorter style that reduces grooming time while still looking adorable. Regular brushing also gives you the chance to check for any skin irritations, lumps, or parasites, keeping your dog in great shape from head to tail.

Bathing: Havanese don’t need frequent baths, every 3 to 4 weeks is usually enough, unless they get particularly messy. A gentle, hypoallergenic dog shampoo helps maintain the softness of their coat without irritating their skin or stripping natural oils. After bathing, it's important to dry them thoroughly, as damp fur can lead to skin issues. For extra coat care, a dog-safe conditioner can be used to add shine and help reduce tangles.

Dental Care: As a small breed, the Havanese can be prone to dental problems, so a consistent dental routine is a must. Brush their teeth two to three times a week using a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste to prevent plaque buildup and gum disease. While dental chews are helpful for oral hygiene, they work best when used alongside regular brushing. Keeping their teeth clean will not only keep their breath fresh but also protect against more serious dental issues over time.

Clean Ears: Floppy ears can trap moisture and dirt, making Havanese more susceptible to ear infections. To avoid this, check and clean their ears weekly using a vet-recommended ear cleanser. Gently wipe the visible parts of the ear and never insert anything deep into the ear canal. A regular ear-cleaning routine helps prevent wax build-up, bacterial infections, and discomfort.

Nail Trimming: Keeping your Havanese’s nails trimmed is important for their comfort and mobility. Overgrown nails can be painful and even lead to injury. Aim to trim their nails every three to four weeks, or as needed, using a pet nail clipper. If you’re unsure or your pup is nervous, ask your vet or groomer for assistance. Introducing nail trimming early and using positive reinforcement can make the experience smoother for both of you.

While Havanese are generally healthy, they are prone to several hereditary health issues. Understanding these common health concerns can help you stay vigilant and take preventative steps to keep your Havanese happy and healthy.

Patellar Luxation: This common issue in small breeds occurs when the kneecap slips out of place, causing limping or difficulty walking. Mild cases might not need treatment, but severe cases can require surgery. Regular monitoring and vet visits can help catch the condition early and keep your Havanese comfortable.

Hip Dysplasia: Though more often seen in larger breeds, hip dysplasia can also affect Havanese. It results from abnormal joint development and can lead to arthritis or mobility issues. Watch for signs like stiffness or trouble climbing stairs. Maintaining a healthy weight and using joint supplements can help manage mild cases, while more advanced cases might need surgical care.

Cataracts and Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): Havanese may develop cataracts or PRA, both of which impact their vision over time. Cataracts cause cloudiness in the lens, while PRA is a degenerative disease that can lead to blindness. Routine eye exams can detect these conditions early, allowing for treatment or long-term management to help preserve your dog’s eyesight.

Heart Murmurs: Some Havanese are born with heart murmurs, which can range from harmless to signs of heart disease. Regular vet visits are important for early detection and monitoring. If your vet suspects a more serious issue, they may recommend tests like an echocardiogram to assess your dog’s heart health.

Skin Allergies: Skin issues such as itching, redness, or hot spots are relatively common in Havanese. These may be triggered by environmental allergens or food sensitivities. A hypoallergenic shampoo and an appropriate diet can ease symptoms, and your vet can provide allergy testing or targeted treatments if needed.

Dental Disease: With their small mouths, Havanese are prone to dental problems like plaque buildup, gum disease, and tooth decay. Brushing their teeth regularly and offering dental chews can help maintain oral health. Routine dental checkups are also important to prevent infections and avoid more serious dental issues later in life.

By staying attentive to these common health issues and ensuring regular veterinary visits, you can help your Havanese live a long, healthy, and comfortable life.

Training a Havanese is both fun and rewarding—they're smart, eager to please, and quick learners. That said, their playful and occasionally stubborn personality can make consistency essential. Using positive reinforcement like treats, praise, and toys will keep them engaged and motivated during training sessions that feel more like games than chores.

Basic Training Tips: Start with core commands such as "sit," "stay," "come," and "leave it." Keep sessions short (5–10 minutes) to hold their attention, especially when they're young. Havanese puppies can be easily distracted, so patience is key. Early socialisation also helps prevent future shyness or anxiety by getting them comfortable with different people, animals, and environments.

Using Treats and Incentives: Havanese respond well to treats, which makes them great tools for reinforcing good behaviour. Begin by rewarding each success, then gradually switch to less frequent rewards to avoid treat dependence. Praise and playtime can also be effective motivators—Havanese love attention and will work hard for it.

Crate and House Training: Havanese may take a little longer to house-train, so crate training is a helpful method. It provides a safe, secure space and promotes good bathroom habits. Stick to a routine and take them out after meals, naps, and play. Always reward them straight after they go outside to reinforce the behaviour. With consistency and patience, they’ll quickly learn the ropes.

Keeping your Havanese active and engaged is essential to their happiness and overall well-being. While they’re not as high-energy as some breeds, Havanese enjoy mental stimulation and light physical exercise, which helps prevent boredom and behavioural issues. Engaging in daily activities together strengthens your bond and keeps their curious minds busy.

Playing Fetch: Fetch is an excellent way to give your Havanese both mental and physical exercise without needing extensive outdoor space. Due to their small size, you can play fetch indoors using soft toys or in a secure outdoor area. Havanese are quick to pick up on retrieving games, and many will happily chase after a small ball or squeaky toy, bringing it back to you for more throws.

Interactive Toys and Puzzle Games: Havanese thrive on mental stimulation, and interactive toys like treat-dispensing balls and puzzle feeders are great for keeping them entertained. Toys that require problem-solving or reward them with treats can help satisfy their intelligent, curious nature and prevent boredom. For variety, rotate toys every few days to maintain their interest and encourage them to explore new ways to earn rewards.

Hide and Seek: Another activity Havanese love is hide-and-seek, which adds a playful twist to training and allows them to practice obedience and recall commands. Hide behind furniture or in another room, and call their name. When they find you, reward them with praise or a treat. This game is particularly fun for Havanese because it allows them to use their intelligence and curiosity while reinforcing their bond with you.

Short Walks and Outings: Daily walks provide fresh air, exercise, and socialisation opportunities. While Havanese don’t need extensive exercise, they do enjoy getting out and exploring their surroundings. A 20–30-minute walk each day is usually enough to keep them satisfied. For added enrichment, consider visiting a local pet-friendly park where they can meet new people and other dogs, or let them sniff and explore at their own pace during walks.

Training Games and Trick Training: Havanese are highly trainable and enjoy learning tricks and commands, making trick training an excellent activity. Teaching them simple tricks like "shake," "spin," or "rollover" provides mental stimulation and gives them a chance to show off their talents. Reward them with treats or play after successful commands to keep training sessions positive. These types of activities are both rewarding and mentally engaging, helping to keep your Havanese happy and well-behaved.

By incorporating a mix of these activities, you can keep your Havanese active, healthy, and happily engaged each day.

While Havanese dogs are generally well-mannered and friendly, they can exhibit a few behavioural issues, especially if their social and mental needs aren’t met. These intelligent, affectionate dogs are happiest when they’re close to their family, and behavioural challenges can sometimes emerge if they feel neglected, bored, or anxious. With proper training, attention, and care, most behavioural issues can be managed or prevented.

Separation Anxiety: Havanese are known for their strong attachment to their owners, which can lead to separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods. Signs of separation anxiety include excessive barking, destructive behaviour, or restlessness when left alone. To prevent this, gradually train your Havanese to feel comfortable alone by practising short absences and rewarding calm behaviour upon return. Providing interactive toys or a cozy crate can also help them feel secure when you’re not home.

Excessive Barking: While Havanese are not typically yappy dogs, they may bark to alert their owners of noises, visitors or out of boredom. This can become an issue if the barking is excessive, especially in an apartment setting. Teaching them the “quiet” command and rewarding silence can help control unnecessary barking. Additionally, ensuring they have plenty of mental and physical stimulation reduces boredom-related barking.

Shyness or Timidity: Some Havanese may exhibit shy or timid behaviour, especially around strangers or in new environments. This is often due to insufficient socialisation as a puppy. To help build confidence, expose your Havanese to a variety of people, animals, and situations in a positive way. Reward them for calm behaviour and avoid forcing them into overwhelming environments. Gradual exposure to new experiences will help them become more adaptable and confident.

Nipping or Mouthiness: While not common, some Havanese puppies may exhibit nipping behaviour during play or when they’re excited. This is often a playful behaviour but can become problematic if not addressed. Redirecting their energy to a toy or teaching them the “leave it” command can help curb nipping. Providing plenty of chew toys and practising positive reinforcement for gentle play will help them learn appropriate play behaviours.

Havanese have specific nutritional needs that keep them healthy, active, and at an optimal weight. Their diet should be balanced, incorporating high-quality protein, essential fats, and the right mix of vitamins and minerals. Given their small size and tendency to develop dental issues, their food must also be suitable for small breeds, with manageable kibble sizes or soft, easily chewable options.

Nutritional Needs for Adult Havanese: Adult Havanese benefit from a well-rounded diet with lean protein sources like chicken, turkey, or fish, which support muscle maintenance and provide lasting energy. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are important to maintain the health and shine of their coat, so look for food options containing fish oils or flaxseed. Small breed formulas are ideal, as these foods are formulated with appropriate calorie levels and nutrient density to support their active, but small, build.

It’s best to feed Havanese twice a day to maintain stable energy levels and prevent overeating. Avoid human foods that are high in fat, salt, or artificial ingredients, as these can lead to weight gain or digestive issues. Monitor their weight closely, as small dogs can be prone to obesity, which can exacerbate joint issues and other health problems.

Nutritional Needs for Havanese Puppies: Havanese puppies have different dietary requirements than adults, needing food specially formulated for puppies to support their rapid growth and development. Puppy food should be rich in protein to support muscle growth, as well as high-quality fats for brain and eye development. Puppy formulas typically contain higher levels of calories than adult formulas, which fuel their energy and help them grow.

Feeding Havanese puppies three to four small meals a day is generally recommended, as their small stomachs digest food quickly. Select a small-breed puppy food that contains DHA (an essential fatty acid for brain development) and avoid foods with fillers or artificial additives. Transition them to adult food at around one year of age or as recommended by your veterinarian.

Specific Nutritional Considerations: Because of their small size and tendency toward dental issues, dry kibble can be beneficial as it helps remove plaque buildup. However, if your Havanese has dental sensitivity, a mix of high-quality dry and wet food may be ideal. Consider incorporating dental treats specifically designed for small breeds to further support oral health.

It’s also important to keep your Havanese well-hydrated, especially if they consume mostly dry food. Always ensure they have access to clean, fresh water throughout the day. If they show signs of food sensitivities, such as itching or gastrointestinal upset, consult your veterinarian to discuss a potential hypoallergenic or limited-ingredient diet to suit their needs.

By providing your Havanese with a balanced, tailored diet and monitoring their intake, you can ensure they stay healthy, energetic, and ready to enjoy life to the fullest.

Whether you’re already a proud Havanese owner or considering adding one to your family, we hope this guide has given you valuable insights into Havanese care. While this article provides a solid foundation for understanding Havanese needs—from grooming and health to training and nutrition—never stop seeking out reliable information to give your dog the best life possible. Connect with other Havanese owners, share your experiences, and continue to learn more about this delightful breed’s unique temperament and requirements. The more you understand and engage with your Havanese, the deeper your bond will become and the happier and healthier your furry friend will be.

This article was written by Dr Jack Ayerbe